sched_ext: Maintain an online cid mask in the scheduler arenagrafted

Schedulers on the default cid mapping treat [0, nr_online_cids) as the
online set and restart on hotplug. Schedulers that install their own mapping
with scx_bpf_cid_override() have no way to learn which cids are online: the
count no longer identifies members and the CPU-form cpumask is unusable from
cid programs. This is an obvious hole in the cid API.

Add scx_bpf_online_cmask(), a kernel-maintained cmask in the scheduler's
arena, allocated alongside the per-CPU scratch masks and populated after the
cid mapping is finalized and before ops.init(), for child schedulers too.
The pointer stays valid through ops.exit() with no reference to take. It is
the arena offset as a void pointer, the same form struct_ops arena arguments
arrive in. The verifier types the void return as a scalar for the program's
arena cast.

The mask follows the SCX hotplug notifications: seeded from cpu_active_mask
and updated before ops.cid_online/offline() runs, so it lags cpu_online_mask
only inside a hotplug transition. Updates walk the scheduler list under the
lock that also serializes unlinking. Reads are live, not atomic snapshots.
Root initialization excludes hotplug.

v2: Reworded the getter kerneldoc (Andrea Righi).

Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: Andrea Righi <arighi@nvidia.com>

5 files changed, 478 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/scripts/sbom/tests/__init__.py b/scripts/sbom/tests/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scripts/sbom/tests/__init__.py
diff --git a/scripts/sbom/tests/cmd_graph/__init__.py b/scripts/sbom/tests/cmd_graph/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scripts/sbom/tests/cmd_graph/__init__.py
diff --git a/scripts/sbom/tests/cmd_graph/test_savedcmd_parser.py b/scripts/sbom/tests/cmd_graph/test_savedcmd_parser.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a061a748e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scripts/sbom/tests/cmd_graph/test_savedcmd_parser.py
@@ -0,0 +1,443 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only OR MIT
+# Copyright (C) 2025 TNG Technology Consulting GmbH
+
+import os
+import unittest
+from unittest.mock import patch
+
+from sbom.cmd_graph.savedcmd_parser import parse_inputs_from_commands
+from sbom.cmd_graph.savedcmd_parser.command_parser_registry import CommandParserRegistry
+import sbom.sbom_logging as sbom_logging
+
+
+class TestSavedCmdParser(unittest.TestCase):
+    def _assert_parsing(self, cmd: str, expected: str, registry: CommandParserRegistry | None = None) -> None:
+        sbom_logging.init()
+        parsed = parse_inputs_from_commands(cmd, fail_on_unknown_build_command=False, registry=registry)
+        target = [] if expected == "" else expected.split(" ")
+        self.assertEqual(parsed, target)
+        errors = sbom_logging._error_logger._message_counts # type: ignore
+        self.assertEqual(errors, {})
+
+    # Compound command tests
+    def test_dd_cat(self):
+        cmd = "(dd if=arch/x86/boot/setup.bin bs=4k conv=sync status=none; cat arch/x86/boot/vmlinux.bin) >arch/x86/boot/bzImage"
+        expected = "arch/x86/boot/setup.bin arch/x86/boot/vmlinux.bin"
+        self._assert_parsing(cmd, expected)
+
+    def test_manual_file_creation(self):
+        cmd = """{ symbase=__dtbo_overlay_bad_unresolved; echo '$(pound)include <asm-generic/vmlinux.lds.h>'; echo '.section .rodata,"a"'; echo '.balign STRUCT_ALIGNMENT'; echo ".global $${symbase}_begin"; echo "$${symbase}_begin:"; echo '.incbin "drivers/of/unittest-data/overlay_bad_unresolved.dtbo" '; echo ".global $${symbase}_end"; echo "$${symbase}_end:"; echo '.balign STRUCT_ALIGNMENT'; } > drivers/of/unittest-data/overlay_bad_unresolved.dtbo.S"""
+        expected = ""
+        self._assert_parsing(cmd, expected)
+
+    def test_cat_xz_wrap(self):
+        cmd = "{ cat arch/x86/boot/compressed/vmlinux.bin | sh ../scripts/xz_wrap.sh; printf \\130\\064\\024\\000; } > arch/x86/boot/compressed/vmlinux.bin.xz"
+        expected = "arch/x86/boot/compressed/vmlinux.bin"
+        self._assert_parsing(cmd, expected)
+
+    def test_printf_sed(self):
+        cmd = r"""{  printf 'static char tomoyo_builtin_profile[] __initdata =\n'; sed -e 's/\\/\\\\/g' -e 's/\"/\\"/g' -e 's/\(.*\)/\t"\1\\n"/' -- /dev/null; printf '\t"";\n';  printf 'static char tomoyo_builtin_exception_policy[] __initdata =\n'; sed -e 's/\\/\\\\/g' -e 's/\"/\\"/g' -e 's/\(.*\)/\t"\1\\n"/' -- ../security/tomoyo/policy/exception_policy.conf.default; printf '\t"";\n';  printf 'static char tomoyo_builtin_domain_policy[] __initdata =\n'; sed -e 's/\\/\\\\/g' -e 's/\"/\\"/g' -e 's/\(.*\)/\t"\1\\n"/' -- /dev/null; printf '\t"";\n';  printf 'static char tomoyo_builtin_manager[] __initdata =\n'; sed -e 's/\\/\\\\/g' -e 's/\"/\\"/g' -e 's/\(.*\)/\t"\1\\n"/' -- /dev/null; printf '\t"";\n';  printf 'static char tomoyo_builtin_stat[] __initdata =\n'; sed -e 's/\\/\\\\/g' -e 's/\"/\\"/g' -e 's/\(.*\)/\t"\1\\n"/' -- /dev/null; printf '\t"";\n'; } > security/tomoyo/builtin-policy.h"""
+        expected = "../security/tomoyo/policy/exception_policy.conf.default"
+        self._assert_parsing(cmd, expected)
+
+    def test_bin2c_echo(self):
+        cmd = """(echo "static char tomoyo_builtin_profile[] __initdata ="; ./scripts/bin2c </dev/null; echo ";"; echo "static char tomoyo_builtin_exception_policy[] __initdata ="; ./scripts/bin2c <../security/tomoyo/policy/exception_policy.conf.default; echo ";"; echo "static char tomoyo_builtin_domain_policy[] __initdata ="; ./scripts/bin2c </dev/null; echo ";"; echo "static char tomoyo_builtin_manager[] __initdata ="; ./scripts/bin2c </dev/null; echo ";"; echo "static char tomoyo_builtin_stat[] __initdata ="; ./scripts/bin2c </dev/null; echo ";") >security/tomoyo/builtin-policy.h"""
+        expected = "../security/tomoyo/policy/exception_policy.conf.default"
+        self._assert_parsing(cmd, expected)
+
+    def test_cat_colon(self):
+        cmd = "{   cat init/modules.order;   cat usr/modules.order;   cat arch/x86/modules.order;   cat arch/x86/boot/startup/modules.order;   cat kernel/modules.order;   cat certs/modules.order;   cat mm/modules.order;   cat fs/modules.order;   cat ipc/modules.order;   cat security/modules.order;   cat crypto/modules.order;   cat block/modules.order;   cat io_uring/modules.order;   cat lib/modules.order;   cat arch/x86/lib/modules.order;   cat drivers/modules.order;   cat sound/modules.order;   cat samples/modules.order;   cat net/modules.order;   cat virt/modules.order;   cat arch/x86/pci/modules.order;   cat arch/x86/power/modules.order;   cat arch/x86/video/modules.order; :; } > modules.order"
+        expected = "init/modules.order usr/modules.order arch/x86/modules.order arch/x86/boot/startup/modules.order kernel/modules.order certs/modules.order mm/modules.order fs/modules.order ipc/modules.order security/modules.order crypto/modules.order block/modules.order io_uring/modules.order lib/modules.order arch/x86/lib/modules.order drivers/modules.order sound/modules.order samples/modules.order net/modules.order virt/modules.order arch/x86/pci/modules.order arch/x86/power/modules.order arch/x86/video/modules.order"
+        self._assert_parsing(cmd, expected)
+
+    def test_cat_zstd(self):
+        cmd = "{ cat arch/x86/boot/compressed/vmlinux.bin arch/x86/boot/compressed/vmlinux.relocs | zstd -22 --ultra; printf \\340\\362\\066\\003; } > arch/x86/boot/compressed/vmlinux.bin.zst"
+        expected = "arch/x86/boot/compressed/vmlinux.bin arch/x86/boot/compressed/vmlinux.relocs"
+        self._assert_parsing(cmd, expected)
+
+    # cat command tests
+    def test_cat_redirect(self):
+        cmd = "cat ../fs/unicode/utf8data.c_shipped > fs/unicode/utf8data.c"
+        expected = "../fs/unicode/utf8data.c_shipped"
+        self._assert_parsing(cmd, expected)
+
+    def test_cat_piped(self):
+        cmd = "cat arch/x86/boot/compressed/vmlinux.bin arch/x86/boot/compressed/vmlinux.relocs | gzip -n -f -9 > arch/x86/boot/compressed/vmlinux.bin.gz"
+        expected = "arch/x86/boot/compressed/vmlinux.bin arch/x86/boot/compressed/vmlinux.relocs"
+        self._assert_parsing(cmd, expected)
+
+    # sed command tests
+    def test_sed(self):
+        cmd = "sed -n 's/.*define *BLIST_\\([A-Z0-9_]*\\) *.*/BLIST_FLAG_NAME(\\1),/p' ../include/scsi/scsi_devinfo.h > drivers/scsi/scsi_devinfo_tbl.c"
+        expected = "../include/scsi/scsi_devinfo.h"
+        self._assert_parsing(cmd, expected)
+
+    # awk command tests
+    def test_awk(self):
+        cmd = "awk -f ../arch/arm64/tools/gen-cpucaps.awk ../arch/arm64/tools/cpucaps > arch/arm64/include/generated/asm/cpucap-defs.h"
+        expected = "../arch/arm64/tools/cpucaps"
+        self._assert_parsing(cmd, expected)
+
+    def test_awk_with_input_redirection(self):
+        cmd = "awk -v N=1 -f ../lib/raid6/unroll.awk < ../lib/raid6/int.uc > lib/raid6/int1.c"
+        expected = "../lib/raid6/int.uc"
+        self._assert_parsing(cmd, expected)
+
+    # openssl command tests
+    def test_openssl(self):
+        cmd = "openssl req -new -nodes -utf8 -sha256 -days 36500 -batch -x509 -config certs/x509.genkey -outform PEM -out certs/signing_key.pem -keyout certs/signing_key.pem  2>&1"
+        expected = ""
+        self._assert_parsing(cmd, expected)
+
+    # gcc/clang command tests
+    def test_gcc(self):
+        cmd = (
+            "gcc -Wp,-MMD,arch/x86/pci/.i386.o.d -nostdinc -I../arch/x86/include -I./arch/x86/include/generated -I../include -I./include -I../arch/x86/include/uapi -I./arch/x86/include/generated/uapi -I../include/uapi -I./include/generated/uapi -include ../include/linux/compiler-version.h -include ../include/linux/kconfig.h -include ../include/linux/compiler_types.h -D__KERNEL__ -fmacro-prefix-map=../= -Werror -std=gnu11 -fshort-wchar -funsigned-char -fno-common -fno-PIE -fno-strict-aliasing -mno-sse -mno-mmx -mno-sse2 -mno-3dnow -mno-avx -fcf-protection=branch -fno-jump-tables -m64 -falign-jumps=1 -falign-loops=1 -mno-80387 -mno-fp-ret-in-387 -mpreferred-stack-boundary=3 -mskip-rax-setup -march=x86-64 -mtune=generic -mno-red-zone -mcmodel=kernel -mstack-protector-guard-reg=gs -mstack-protector-guard-symbol=__ref_stack_chk_guard -Wno-sign-compare -fno-asynchronous-unwind-tables -mindirect-branch=thunk-extern -mindirect-branch-register -mindirect-branch-cs-prefix -mfunction-return=thunk-extern -fno-jump-tables -fpatchable-function-entry=16,16 -fno-delete-null-pointer-checks -O2 -fno-allow-store-data-races -fstack-protector-strong -fomit-frame-pointer -fno-stack-clash-protection -falign-functions=16 -fno-strict-overflow -fno-stack-check -fconserve-stack -fno-builtin-wcslen -Wall -Wextra -Wundef -Werror=implicit-function-declaration -Werror=implicit-int -Werror=return-type -Werror=strict-prototypes -Wno-format-security -Wno-trigraphs -Wno-frame-address -Wno-address-of-packed-member -Wmissing-declarations -Wmissing-prototypes -Wframe-larger-than=2048 -Wno-main -Wvla-larger-than=1 -Wno-pointer-sign -Wcast-function-type -Wno-array-bounds -Wno-stringop-overflow -Wno-alloc-size-larger-than -Wimplicit-fallthrough=5 -Werror=date-time -Werror=incompatible-pointer-types -Werror=designated-init -Wenum-conversion -Wunused -Wno-unused-but-set-variable -Wno-unused-const-variable -Wno-packed-not-aligned -Wno-format-overflow -Wno-format-truncation -Wno-stringop-truncation -Wno-override-init -Wno-missing-field-initializers -Wno-type-limits -Wno-shift-negative-value -Wno-maybe-uninitialized -Wno-sign-compare -Wno-unused-parameter -I../arch/x86/pci -Iarch/x86/pci    -DKBUILD_MODFILE="
+            "arch/x86/pci/i386"
+            " -DKBUILD_BASENAME="
+            "i386"
+            " -DKBUILD_MODNAME="
+            "i386"
+            " -D__KBUILD_MODNAME=kmod_i386 -c -o arch/x86/pci/i386.o ../arch/x86/pci/i386.c  "
+        )
+        expected = "../arch/x86/pci/i386.c"
+        self._assert_parsing(cmd, expected)
+
+    def test_gcc_linking(self):
+        cmd = "gcc   -o arch/x86/tools/relocs arch/x86/tools/relocs_32.o arch/x86/tools/relocs_64.o arch/x86/tools/relocs_common.o"
+        expected = "arch/x86/tools/relocs_32.o arch/x86/tools/relocs_64.o arch/x86/tools/relocs_common.o"
+        self._assert_parsing(cmd, expected)
+
+    def test_gcc_without_compile_flag(self):
+        cmd = "gcc -Wp,-MMD,arch/x86/boot/compressed/.mkpiggy.d -Wall -Wmissing-prototypes -Wstrict-prototypes -O2 -fomit-frame-pointer -std=gnu11   -I ../scripts/include -I../tools/include  -I arch/x86/boot/compressed   -o arch/x86/boot/compressed/mkpiggy ../arch/x86/boot/compressed/mkpiggy.c"
+        expected = "../arch/x86/boot/compressed/mkpiggy.c"
+        self._assert_parsing(cmd, expected)
+
+    def test_gcc_with_env_override(self):
+        with patch.dict(os.environ, {"CC": "ccache gcc"}):
+            registry = CommandParserRegistry.create()
+            cmd = "gcc   -o arch/x86/tools/relocs arch/x86/tools/relocs_32.o arch/x86/tools/relocs_64.o arch/x86/tools/relocs_common.o"
+            expected = "arch/x86/tools/relocs_32.o arch/x86/tools/relocs_64.o arch/x86/tools/relocs_common.o"
+            self._assert_parsing(cmd, expected, registry)
+            self._assert_parsing(f"ccache {cmd}", expected, registry)
+
+    def test_gcc_dts_preprocessing(self):
+        cmd = "gcc -E -Wp,-MMD,drivers/of/.empty_root.dtb.d.pre.tmp -nostdinc -I ../scripts/dtc/include-prefixes -undef -D__DTS__ -x assembler-with-cpp -o drivers/of/.empty_root.dtb.dts.tmp ../drivers/of/empty_root.dts"
+        expected = "../drivers/of/empty_root.dts"
+        self._assert_parsing(cmd, expected)
+
+    def test_clang(self):
+        cmd = """clang -Wp,-MMD,arch/x86/entry/.entry_64_compat.o.d -nostdinc -I../arch/x86/include -I./arch/x86/include/generated -I../include -I./include -I../arch/x86/include/uapi -I./arch/x86/include/generated/uapi -I../include/uapi -I./include/generated/uapi -include ../include/linux/compiler-version.h -include ../include/linux/kconfig.h -D__KERNEL__ --target=x86_64-linux-gnu -fintegrated-as -Werror=unknown-warning-option -Werror=ignored-optimization-argument -Werror=option-ignored -Werror=unused-command-line-argument -fmacro-prefix-map=../= -Werror -D__ASSEMBLY__ -fno-PIE -m64 -I../arch/x86/entry -Iarch/x86/entry    -DKBUILD_MODFILE='"arch/x86/entry/entry_64_compat"' -DKBUILD_MODNAME='"entry_64_compat"' -D__KBUILD_MODNAME=kmod_entry_64_compat -c -o arch/x86/entry/entry_64_compat.o ../arch/x86/entry/entry_64_compat.S"""
+        expected = "../arch/x86/entry/entry_64_compat.S"
+        self._assert_parsing(cmd, expected)
+
+    # ld command tests
+    def test_ld(self):
+        cmd = r'ld -o arch/x86/entry/vdso/vdso64.so.dbg -shared --hash-style=both --build-id=sha1 --no-undefined  --eh-frame-hdr -Bsymbolic -z noexecstack -m elf_x86_64 -soname linux-vdso.so.1 -z max-page-size=4096 -T arch/x86/entry/vdso/vdso.lds arch/x86/entry/vdso/vdso-note.o arch/x86/entry/vdso/vclock_gettime.o arch/x86/entry/vdso/vgetcpu.o arch/x86/entry/vdso/vgetrandom.o arch/x86/entry/vdso/vgetrandom-chacha.o; if readelf -rW arch/x86/entry/vdso/vdso64.so.dbg | grep -v _NONE | grep -q " R_\w*_"; then (echo >&2 "arch/x86/entry/vdso/vdso64.so.dbg: dynamic relocations are not supported"; rm -f arch/x86/entry/vdso/vdso64.so.dbg; /bin/false); fi'
+        expected = "arch/x86/entry/vdso/vdso-note.o arch/x86/entry/vdso/vclock_gettime.o arch/x86/entry/vdso/vgetcpu.o arch/x86/entry/vdso/vgetrandom.o arch/x86/entry/vdso/vgetrandom-chacha.o"
+        self._assert_parsing(cmd, expected)
+
+    def test_ld_with_env_override(self):
+        with patch.dict(os.environ, {"LD": "some-tool ld"}):
+            registry = CommandParserRegistry.create()
+            cmd = r'ld -o arch/x86/entry/vdso/vdso64.so.dbg -shared --hash-style=both --build-id=sha1 --no-undefined  --eh-frame-hdr -Bsymbolic -z noexecstack -m elf_x86_64 -soname linux-vdso.so.1 -z max-page-size=4096 -T arch/x86/entry/vdso/vdso.lds arch/x86/entry/vdso/vdso-note.o arch/x86/entry/vdso/vclock_gettime.o arch/x86/entry/vdso/vgetcpu.o arch/x86/entry/vdso/vgetrandom.o arch/x86/entry/vdso/vgetrandom-chacha.o; if readelf -rW arch/x86/entry/vdso/vdso64.so.dbg | grep -v _NONE | grep -q " R_\w*_"; then (echo >&2 "arch/x86/entry/vdso/vdso64.so.dbg: dynamic relocations are not supported"; rm -f arch/x86/entry/vdso/vdso64.so.dbg; /bin/false); fi'
+            expected = "arch/x86/entry/vdso/vdso-note.o arch/x86/entry/vdso/vclock_gettime.o arch/x86/entry/vdso/vgetcpu.o arch/x86/entry/vdso/vgetrandom.o arch/x86/entry/vdso/vgetrandom-chacha.o"
+            self._assert_parsing(cmd, expected, registry)
+            self._assert_parsing(f"some-tool {cmd}", expected, registry)
+
+    def test_ld_whole_archive(self):
+        cmd = "ld -m elf_x86_64 -z noexecstack -r -o vmlinux.o   --whole-archive vmlinux.a --no-whole-archive --start-group  --end-group"
+        expected = "vmlinux.a"
+        self._assert_parsing(cmd, expected)
+
+    def test_ld_with_at_symbol(self):
+        cmd = "ld.lld -m elf_x86_64 -z noexecstack   -r -o fs/efivarfs/efivarfs.o @fs/efivarfs/efivarfs.mod  ; ./tools/objtool/objtool --hacks=jump_label --hacks=noinstr --hacks=skylake --ibt --orc --retpoline --rethunk --static-call --uaccess --prefix=16  --link  --module fs/efivarfs/efivarfs.o"
+        expected = "@fs/efivarfs/efivarfs.mod"
+        self._assert_parsing(cmd, expected)
+
+    def test_ld_if_objdump(self):
+        cmd = """ld -o arch/x86/entry/vdso/vdso64.so.dbg -shared --hash-style=both --build-id=sha1  --eh-frame-hdr -Bsymbolic -z noexecstack -m elf_x86_64 -soname linux-vdso.so.1 --no-undefined -z max-page-size=4096 -T arch/x86/entry/vdso/vdso.lds arch/x86/entry/vdso/vdso-note.o arch/x86/entry/vdso/vclock_gettime.o arch/x86/entry/vdso/vgetcpu.o arch/x86/entry/vdso/vsgx.o && sh ./arch/x86/entry/vdso/checkundef.sh 'nm' 'arch/x86/entry/vdso/vdso64.so.dbg'; if objdump -R arch/x86/entry/vdso/vdso64.so.dbg | grep -E -h "R_X86_64_JUMP_SLOT|R_X86_64_GLOB_DAT|R_X86_64_RELATIVE| R_386_GLOB_DAT|R_386_JMP_SLOT|R_386_RELATIVE"; then (echo >&2 "arch/x86/entry/vdso/vdso64.so.dbg: dynamic relocations are not supported"; rm -f arch/x86/entry/vdso/vdso64.so.dbg; /bin/false); fi"""
+        expected = "arch/x86/entry/vdso/vdso-note.o arch/x86/entry/vdso/vclock_gettime.o arch/x86/entry/vdso/vgetcpu.o arch/x86/entry/vdso/vsgx.o"
+        self._assert_parsing(cmd, expected)
+
+    # printf | xargs ar command tests
+    def test_ar_printf(self):
+        cmd = 'rm -f built-in.a;  printf "./%s " init/built-in.a usr/built-in.a arch/x86/built-in.a arch/x86/boot/startup/built-in.a kernel/built-in.a certs/built-in.a mm/built-in.a fs/built-in.a ipc/built-in.a security/built-in.a crypto/built-in.a block/built-in.a io_uring/built-in.a lib/built-in.a arch/x86/lib/built-in.a drivers/built-in.a sound/built-in.a net/built-in.a virt/built-in.a arch/x86/pci/built-in.a arch/x86/power/built-in.a arch/x86/video/built-in.a | xargs ar cDPrST built-in.a'
+        expected = "./init/built-in.a ./usr/built-in.a ./arch/x86/built-in.a ./arch/x86/boot/startup/built-in.a ./kernel/built-in.a ./certs/built-in.a ./mm/built-in.a ./fs/built-in.a ./ipc/built-in.a ./security/built-in.a ./crypto/built-in.a ./block/built-in.a ./io_uring/built-in.a ./lib/built-in.a ./arch/x86/lib/built-in.a ./drivers/built-in.a ./sound/built-in.a ./net/built-in.a ./virt/built-in.a ./arch/x86/pci/built-in.a ./arch/x86/power/built-in.a ./arch/x86/video/built-in.a"
+        self._assert_parsing(cmd, expected)
+
+    def test_ar_printf_nested(self):
+        cmd = 'rm -f arch/x86/pci/built-in.a;  printf "arch/x86/pci/%s " i386.o init.o mmconfig_64.o direct.o mmconfig-shared.o fixup.o acpi.o legacy.o irq.o common.o early.o bus_numa.o amd_bus.o | xargs ar cDPrST arch/x86/pci/built-in.a'
+        expected = "arch/x86/pci/i386.o arch/x86/pci/init.o arch/x86/pci/mmconfig_64.o arch/x86/pci/direct.o arch/x86/pci/mmconfig-shared.o arch/x86/pci/fixup.o arch/x86/pci/acpi.o arch/x86/pci/legacy.o arch/x86/pci/irq.o arch/x86/pci/common.o arch/x86/pci/early.o arch/x86/pci/bus_numa.o arch/x86/pci/amd_bus.o"
+        self._assert_parsing(cmd, expected)
+
+    # ar command tests
+    def test_ar_reordering(self):
+        cmd = "rm -f vmlinux.a; ar cDPrST vmlinux.a built-in.a  lib/lib.a arch/x86/lib/lib.a; ar mPiT $$(ar t vmlinux.a | sed -n 1p) vmlinux.a $$(ar t vmlinux.a | grep -F -f ../scripts/head-object-list.txt)"
+        expected = "built-in.a lib/lib.a arch/x86/lib/lib.a"
+        self._assert_parsing(cmd, expected)
+
+    def test_ar_default(self):
+        cmd = "rm -f lib/lib.a; ar cDPrsT lib/lib.a lib/argv_split.o lib/bug.o lib/buildid.o lib/clz_tab.o lib/cmdline.o lib/cpumask.o lib/ctype.o lib/dec_and_lock.o lib/decompress.o lib/decompress_bunzip2.o lib/decompress_inflate.o lib/decompress_unlz4.o lib/decompress_unlzma.o lib/decompress_unlzo.o lib/decompress_unxz.o lib/decompress_unzstd.o lib/dump_stack.o lib/earlycpio.o lib/extable.o lib/flex_proportions.o lib/idr.o lib/iomem_copy.o lib/irq_regs.o lib/is_single_threaded.o lib/klist.o lib/kobject.o lib/kobject_uevent.o lib/logic_pio.o lib/maple_tree.o lib/memcat_p.o lib/nmi_backtrace.o lib/objpool.o lib/plist.o lib/radix-tree.o lib/ratelimit.o lib/rbtree.o lib/seq_buf.o lib/siphash.o lib/string.o lib/sys_info.o lib/timerqueue.o lib/union_find.o lib/vsprintf.o lib/win_minmax.o lib/xarray.o"
+        expected = "lib/argv_split.o lib/bug.o lib/buildid.o lib/clz_tab.o lib/cmdline.o lib/cpumask.o lib/ctype.o lib/dec_and_lock.o lib/decompress.o lib/decompress_bunzip2.o lib/decompress_inflate.o lib/decompress_unlz4.o lib/decompress_unlzma.o lib/decompress_unlzo.o lib/decompress_unxz.o lib/decompress_unzstd.o lib/dump_stack.o lib/earlycpio.o lib/extable.o lib/flex_proportions.o lib/idr.o lib/iomem_copy.o lib/irq_regs.o lib/is_single_threaded.o lib/klist.o lib/kobject.o lib/kobject_uevent.o lib/logic_pio.o lib/maple_tree.o lib/memcat_p.o lib/nmi_backtrace.o lib/objpool.o lib/plist.o lib/radix-tree.o lib/ratelimit.o lib/rbtree.o lib/seq_buf.o lib/siphash.o lib/string.o lib/sys_info.o lib/timerqueue.o lib/union_find.o lib/vsprintf.o lib/win_minmax.o lib/xarray.o"
+        self._assert_parsing(cmd, expected)
+
+    def test_ar_llvm(self):
+        cmd = "llvm-ar mPiT $$(llvm-ar t vmlinux.a | sed -n 1p) vmlinux.a $$(llvm-ar t vmlinux.a | grep -F -f ../scripts/head-object-list.txt)"
+        expected = ""
+        self._assert_parsing(cmd, expected)
+
+    # nm command tests
+    def test_nm(self):
+        cmd = """llvm-nm -p --defined-only rust/core.o | awk '$$2~/(T|R|D|B)/ && $$3!~/__(pfx|cfi|odr_asan)/ { printf "EXPORT_SYMBOL_RUST_GPL(%s);\n",$$3 }' > rust/exports_core_generated.h"""
+        expected = "rust/core.o"
+        self._assert_parsing(cmd, expected)
+
+    def test_nm_vmlinux(self):
+        cmd = r"nm vmlinux | sed -n -e 's/^\([0-9a-fA-F]*\) [ABbCDGRSTtVW] \(_text\|__start_rodata\|__bss_start\|_end\)$/#define VO_\2 _AC(0x\1,UL)/p' > arch/x86/boot/voffset.h"
+        expected = "vmlinux"
+        self._assert_parsing(cmd, expected)
+
+    # objcopy command tests
+    def test_objcopy(self):
+        cmd = "objcopy --remove-section='.rel*' --remove-section=!'.rel*.dyn' vmlinux.unstripped vmlinux"
+        expected = "vmlinux.unstripped"
+        self._assert_parsing(cmd, expected)
+
+    def test_objcopy_llvm(self):
+        cmd = "llvm-objcopy --remove-section='.rel*' --remove-section=!'.rel*.dyn' vmlinux.unstripped vmlinux"
+        expected = "vmlinux.unstripped"
+        self._assert_parsing(cmd, expected)
+
+    # strip command tests
+    def test_strip(self):
+        cmd = "strip --strip-debug -o drivers/firmware/efi/libstub/mem.stub.o drivers/firmware/efi/libstub/mem.o"
+        expected = "drivers/firmware/efi/libstub/mem.o"
+        self._assert_parsing(cmd, expected)
+
+    # cp command tests
+    def test_cp_truncate(self):
+        cmd = "cp arch/arm64/boot/Image arch/arm64/boot/vmlinux.bin; truncate -s $$(hexdump -s16 -n4 -e '\"%u\"' arch/arm64/boot/Image) arch/arm64/boot/vmlinux.bin"
+        expected = "arch/arm64/boot/Image"
+        self._assert_parsing(cmd, expected)
+
+    # rustc command tests
+    def test_rustc(self):
+        cmd = """OBJTREE=/workspace/linux/kernel_build rustc -Zbinary_dep_depinfo=y -Astable_features -Dnon_ascii_idents -Dunsafe_op_in_unsafe_fn -Wmissing_docs -Wrust_2018_idioms -Wclippy::all -Wclippy::as_ptr_cast_mut -Wclippy::as_underscore -Wclippy::cast_lossless -Wclippy::ignored_unit_patterns -Wclippy::mut_mut -Wclippy::needless_bitwise_bool -Aclippy::needless_lifetimes -Wclippy::no_mangle_with_rust_abi -Wclippy::ptr_as_ptr -Wclippy::ptr_cast_constness -Wclippy::ref_as_ptr -Wclippy::undocumented_unsafe_blocks -Wclippy::unnecessary_safety_comment -Wclippy::unnecessary_safety_doc -Wrustdoc::missing_crate_level_docs -Wrustdoc::unescaped_backticks -Cpanic=abort -Cembed-bitcode=n -Clto=n -Cforce-unwind-tables=n -Ccodegen-units=1 -Csymbol-mangling-version=v0 -Crelocation-model=static -Zfunction-sections=n -Wclippy::float_arithmetic --target=./scripts/target.json -Ctarget-feature=-sse,-sse2,-sse3,-ssse3,-sse4.1,-sse4.2,-avx,-avx2 -Zcf-protection=branch -Zno-jump-tables -Ctarget-cpu=x86-64 -Ztune-cpu=generic -Cno-redzone=y -Ccode-model=kernel -Zfunction-return=thunk-extern -Zpatchable-function-entry=16,16 -Copt-level=2 -Cdebug-assertions=n -Coverflow-checks=y -Dwarnings @./include/generated/rustc_cfg --edition=2021 --cfg no_fp_fmt_parse --emit=dep-info=rust/.core.o.d --emit=obj=rust/core.o --emit=metadata=rust/libcore.rmeta --crate-type rlib -L./rust --crate-name core /usr/lib/rust-1.84/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/core/src/lib.rs --sysroot=/dev/null ;llvm-objcopy --redefine-sym __addsf3=__rust__addsf3 --redefine-sym __eqsf2=__rust__eqsf2 --redefine-sym __extendsfdf2=__rust__extendsfdf2 --redefine-sym __gesf2=__rust__gesf2 --redefine-sym __lesf2=__rust__lesf2 --redefine-sym __ltsf2=__rust__ltsf2 --redefine-sym __mulsf3=__rust__mulsf3 --redefine-sym __nesf2=__rust__nesf2 --redefine-sym __truncdfsf2=__rust__truncdfsf2 --redefine-sym __unordsf2=__rust__unordsf2 --redefine-sym __adddf3=__rust__adddf3 --redefine-sym __eqdf2=__rust__eqdf2 --redefine-sym __ledf2=__rust__ledf2 --redefine-sym __ltdf2=__rust__ltdf2 --redefine-sym __muldf3=__rust__muldf3 --redefine-sym __unorddf2=__rust__unorddf2 --redefine-sym __muloti4=__rust__muloti4 --redefine-sym __multi3=__rust__multi3 --redefine-sym __udivmodti4=__rust__udivmodti4 --redefine-sym __udivti3=__rust__udivti3 --redefine-sym __umodti3=__rust__umodti3 rust/core.o"""
+        expected = "/usr/lib/rust-1.84/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/core/src/lib.rs rust/core.o"
+        self._assert_parsing(cmd, expected)
+
+    # rustdoc command tests
+    def test_rustdoc(self):
+        cmd = """OBJTREE=/workspace/linux/kernel_build rustdoc --test --edition=2021 -Zbinary_dep_depinfo=y -Astable_features -Dnon_ascii_idents -Dunsafe_op_in_unsafe_fn -Wmissing_docs -Wrust_2018_idioms -Wunreachable_pub -Wclippy::all -Wclippy::as_ptr_cast_mut -Wclippy::as_underscore -Wclippy::cast_lossless -Wclippy::ignored_unit_patterns -Wclippy::mut_mut -Wclippy::needless_bitwise_bool -Aclippy::needless_lifetimes -Wclippy::no_mangle_with_rust_abi -Wclippy::ptr_as_ptr -Wclippy::ptr_cast_constness -Wclippy::ref_as_ptr -Wclippy::undocumented_unsafe_blocks -Wclippy::unnecessary_safety_comment -Wclippy::unnecessary_safety_doc -Wrustdoc::missing_crate_level_docs -Wrustdoc::unescaped_backticks -Cpanic=abort -Cembed-bitcode=n -Clto=n -Cforce-unwind-tables=n -Ccodegen-units=1 -Csymbol-mangling-version=v0 -Crelocation-model=static -Zfunction-sections=n -Wclippy::float_arithmetic --target=aarch64-unknown-none -Ctarget-feature="-neon" -Cforce-unwind-tables=n -Zbranch-protection=pac-ret -Copt-level=2 -Cdebug-assertions=y -Coverflow-checks=y -Dwarnings -Cforce-frame-pointers=y -Zsanitizer=kernel-address -Zsanitizer-recover=kernel-address -Cllvm-args=-asan-mapping-offset=0xdfff800000000000 -Cpasses=sancov-module -Cllvm-args=-sanitizer-coverage-level=3 -Cllvm-args=-sanitizer-coverage-trace-pc -Cllvm-args=-sanitizer-coverage-trace-compares @./include/generated/rustc_cfg -L./rust --extern ffi --extern pin_init --extern kernel --extern build_error --extern macros --extern bindings --extern uapi --no-run --crate-name kernel -Zunstable-options --sysroot=/dev/null  --test-builder ./scripts/rustdoc_test_builder ../rust/kernel/lib.rs >/dev/null"""
+        expected = "../rust/kernel/lib.rs"
+        self._assert_parsing(cmd, expected)
+
+    def test_rustdoc_test_gen(self):
+        cmd = "./scripts/rustdoc_test_gen"
+        expected = ""
+        self._assert_parsing(cmd, expected)
+
+    # flex command tests
+    def test_flex(self):
+        cmd = "flex -oscripts/kconfig/lexer.lex.c -L ../scripts/kconfig/lexer.l"
+        expected = "../scripts/kconfig/lexer.l"
+        self._assert_parsing(cmd, expected)
+
+    # bison command tests
+    def test_bison(self):
+        cmd = "bison -o scripts/kconfig/parser.tab.c --defines=scripts/kconfig/parser.tab.h -t -l ../scripts/kconfig/parser.y"
+        expected = "../scripts/kconfig/parser.y"
+        self._assert_parsing(cmd, expected)
+
+    # bindgen command tests
+    def test_bindgen(self):
+        cmd = (
+            "bindgen ../rust/bindings/bindings_helper.h "
+            "--blocklist-type __kernel_s?size_t --blocklist-type __kernel_ptrdiff_t "
+            "--opaque-type xregs_state --opaque-type desc_struct --no-doc-comments "
+            "--rust-target 1.68 --use-core --with-derive-default -o rust/bindings/bindings_generated.rs "
+            "-- -Wp,-MMD,rust/bindings/.bindings_generated.rs.d -nostdinc -I../arch/x86/include "
+            "-include ../include/linux/compiler-version.h -D__KERNEL__ -fintegrated-as -fno-builtin -DMODULE; "
+            "sed -Ei 's/pub const RUST_CONST_HELPER_([a-zA-Z0-9_]*)/pub const \\1/g' rust/bindings/bindings_generated.rs"
+        )
+        expected = "../rust/bindings/bindings_helper.h ../include/linux/compiler-version.h"
+        self._assert_parsing(cmd, expected)
+
+    # perl command tests
+    def test_perl(self):
+        cmd = "perl ../lib/crypto/x86/poly1305-x86_64-cryptogams.pl > lib/crypto/x86/poly1305-x86_64-cryptogams.S"
+        expected = "../lib/crypto/x86/poly1305-x86_64-cryptogams.pl"
+        self._assert_parsing(cmd, expected)
+
+    # link-vmlinux.sh command tests
+    def test_link_vmlinux(self):
+        cmd = '../scripts/link-vmlinux.sh "ld" "-m elf_x86_64 -z noexecstack" "-z max-page-size=0x200000 --build-id=sha1 --orphan-handling=error --emit-relocs --discard-none" "vmlinux.unstripped";  true'
+        expected = "vmlinux.a"
+        self._assert_parsing(cmd, expected)
+
+    def test_link_vmlinux_postlink(self):
+        cmd = '../scripts/link-vmlinux.sh "ld" "-m elf_x86_64 -z noexecstack --no-warn-rwx-segments" "--emit-relocs --discard-none -z max-page-size=0x200000 --build-id=sha1 -X --orphan-handling=error";  make -f ../arch/x86/Makefile.postlink vmlinux'
+        expected = "vmlinux.a"
+        self._assert_parsing(cmd, expected)
+
+    # syscallhdr.sh command tests
+    def test_syscallhdr(self):
+        cmd = "sh ../scripts/syscallhdr.sh --abis common,64 --emit-nr   ../arch/x86/entry/syscalls/syscall_64.tbl arch/x86/include/generated/uapi/asm/unistd_64.h"
+        expected = "../arch/x86/entry/syscalls/syscall_64.tbl"
+        self._assert_parsing(cmd, expected)
+
+    # syscalltbl.sh command tests
+    def test_syscalltbl(self):
+        cmd = "sh ../scripts/syscalltbl.sh --abis common,64 ../arch/x86/entry/syscalls/syscall_64.tbl arch/x86/include/generated/asm/syscalls_64.h"
+        expected = "../arch/x86/entry/syscalls/syscall_64.tbl"
+        self._assert_parsing(cmd, expected)
+
+    # mkcapflags.sh command tests
+    def test_mkcapflags(self):
+        cmd = "sh ../arch/x86/kernel/cpu/mkcapflags.sh arch/x86/kernel/cpu/capflags.c ../arch/x86/kernel/cpu/../../include/asm/cpufeatures.h ../arch/x86/kernel/cpu/../../include/asm/vmxfeatures.h ../arch/x86/kernel/cpu/mkcapflags.sh FORCE"
+        expected = "../arch/x86/kernel/cpu/../../include/asm/cpufeatures.h ../arch/x86/kernel/cpu/../../include/asm/vmxfeatures.h"
+        self._assert_parsing(cmd, expected)
+
+    # orc_hash.sh command tests
+    def test_orc_hash(self):
+        cmd = "mkdir -p arch/x86/include/generated/asm/; sh ../scripts/orc_hash.sh < ../arch/x86/include/asm/orc_types.h > arch/x86/include/generated/asm/orc_hash.h"
+        expected = "../arch/x86/include/asm/orc_types.h"
+        self._assert_parsing(cmd, expected)
+
+    # xen-hypercalls.sh command tests
+    def test_xen_hypercalls(self):
+        cmd = "sh '../scripts/xen-hypercalls.sh' arch/x86/include/generated/asm/xen-hypercalls.h ../include/xen/interface/xen-mca.h ../include/xen/interface/xen.h ../include/xen/interface/xenpmu.h"
+        expected = "../include/xen/interface/xen-mca.h ../include/xen/interface/xen.h ../include/xen/interface/xenpmu.h"
+        self._assert_parsing(cmd, expected)
+
+    # gen_initramfs.sh command tests
+    def test_gen_initramfs(self):
+        cmd = "sh ../usr/gen_initramfs.sh -o usr/initramfs_data.cpio -l usr/.initramfs_data.cpio.d    ../usr/default_cpio_list"
+        expected = "../usr/default_cpio_list"
+        self._assert_parsing(cmd, expected)
+
+    # mkuboot.sh command tests
+    def test_mkuboot(self):
+        cmd = "bash ../scripts/mkuboot.sh -A arm -O linux -C none -T kernel -a 0x8000 -e 0x8000 -n 'Linux-6.15.0' -d arch/arm/boot/zImage arch/arm/boot/uImage"
+        expected = "arch/arm/boot/zImage"
+        self._assert_parsing(cmd, expected)
+
+    # syscallnr.sh command tests
+    def test_syscallnr(self):
+        cmd = "sh ../arch/arm/tools/syscallnr.sh ../arch/arm/tools/syscall.tbl arch/arm/include/generated/asm/unistd-nr.h"
+        expected = "../arch/arm/tools/syscall.tbl"
+        self._assert_parsing(cmd, expected)
+
+    # gen-kernel-hwcaps.sh command tests
+    def test_gen_kernel_hwcaps(self):
+        cmd = "/bin/sh -e ../arch/arm64/tools/gen-kernel-hwcaps.sh ../arch/arm64/include/uapi/asm/hwcap.h > arch/arm64/include/generated/asm/kernel-hwcap.h"
+        expected = "../arch/arm64/include/uapi/asm/hwcap.h"
+        self._assert_parsing(cmd, expected)
+
+    # vdso2c command tests
+    def test_vdso2c(self):
+        cmd = "arch/x86/entry/vdso/vdso2c arch/x86/entry/vdso/vdso64.so.dbg arch/x86/entry/vdso/vdso64.so arch/x86/entry/vdso/vdso-image-64.c"
+        expected = "arch/x86/entry/vdso/vdso64.so.dbg arch/x86/entry/vdso/vdso64.so"
+        self._assert_parsing(cmd, expected)
+
+    # vdsomunge command tests
+    def test_vdsomunge(self):
+        cmd = "arch/arm64/kernel/vdso32/../../../arm/vdso/vdsomunge arch/arm64/kernel/vdso32/vdso.so.raw arch/arm64/kernel/vdso32/vdso32.so.dbg"
+        expected = "arch/arm64/kernel/vdso32/vdso.so.raw"
+        self._assert_parsing(cmd, expected)
+
+    # mkpiggy command tests
+    def test_mkpiggy(self):
+        cmd = "arch/x86/boot/compressed/mkpiggy arch/x86/boot/compressed/vmlinux.bin.gz > arch/x86/boot/compressed/piggy.S"
+        expected = "arch/x86/boot/compressed/vmlinux.bin.gz"
+        self._assert_parsing(cmd, expected)
+
+    # relocs command tests
+    def test_relocs(self):
+        cmd = "arch/x86/tools/relocs vmlinux.unstripped > arch/x86/boot/compressed/vmlinux.relocs;arch/x86/tools/relocs --abs-relocs vmlinux.unstripped"
+        expected = "vmlinux.unstripped"
+        self._assert_parsing(cmd, expected)
+
+    def test_relocs_with_realmode(self):
+        cmd = (
+            "arch/x86/tools/relocs --realmode arch/x86/realmode/rm/realmode.elf > arch/x86/realmode/rm/realmode.relocs"
+        )
+        expected = "arch/x86/realmode/rm/realmode.elf"
+        self._assert_parsing(cmd, expected)
+
+    # mk_elfconfig command tests
+    def test_mk_elfconfig(self):
+        cmd = "scripts/mod/mk_elfconfig < scripts/mod/empty.o > scripts/mod/elfconfig.h"
+        expected = "scripts/mod/empty.o"
+        self._assert_parsing(cmd, expected)
+
+    # tools/build command tests
+    def test_build(self):
+        cmd = "arch/x86/boot/tools/build arch/x86/boot/setup.bin arch/x86/boot/vmlinux.bin arch/x86/boot/zoffset.h arch/x86/boot/bzImage"
+        expected = "arch/x86/boot/setup.bin arch/x86/boot/vmlinux.bin arch/x86/boot/zoffset.h"
+        self._assert_parsing(cmd, expected)
+
+    # extract-cert command tests
+    def test_extract_cert(self):
+        cmd = 'certs/extract-cert ""  certs/signing_key.x509'
+        expected = ""
+        self._assert_parsing(cmd, expected)
+
+    # dtc command tests
+    def test_dtc_cat(self):
+        cmd = "./scripts/dtc/dtc -o drivers/of/empty_root.dtb -b 0 -i../drivers/of/ -i../scripts/dtc/include-prefixes -Wno-unique_unit_address -Wno-unit_address_vs_reg -Wno-avoid_unnecessary_addr_size -Wno-alias_paths -Wno-graph_child_address -Wno-simple_bus_reg   -d drivers/of/.empty_root.dtb.d.dtc.tmp drivers/of/.empty_root.dtb.dts.tmp ; cat drivers/of/.empty_root.dtb.d.pre.tmp drivers/of/.empty_root.dtb.d.dtc.tmp > drivers/of/.empty_root.dtb.d"
+        expected = "drivers/of/.empty_root.dtb.dts.tmp drivers/of/.empty_root.dtb.d.pre.tmp drivers/of/.empty_root.dtb.d.dtc.tmp"
+        self._assert_parsing(cmd, expected)
+
+    # pnmtologo command tests
+    def test_pnmtologo(self):
+        cmd = "drivers/video/logo/pnmtologo -t clut224 -n logo_linux_clut224 -o drivers/video/logo/logo_linux_clut224.c ../drivers/video/logo/logo_linux_clut224.ppm"
+        expected = "../drivers/video/logo/logo_linux_clut224.ppm"
+        self._assert_parsing(cmd, expected)
+
+    # relacheck command tests
+    def test_relacheck(self):
+        cmd = "arch/arm64/kernel/pi/relacheck arch/arm64/kernel/pi/idreg-override.pi.o arch/arm64/kernel/pi/idreg-override.o"
+        expected = "arch/arm64/kernel/pi/idreg-override.pi.o"
+        self._assert_parsing(cmd, expected)
+
+    # gen-hyprel command tests
+    def test_gen_hyprel(self):
+        cmd = "arch/arm64/kvm/hyp/nvhe/gen-hyprel arch/arm64/kvm/hyp/nvhe/kvm_nvhe.tmp.o > arch/arm64/kvm/hyp/nvhe/hyp-reloc.S"
+        expected = "arch/arm64/kvm/hyp/nvhe/kvm_nvhe.tmp.o"
+        self._assert_parsing(cmd, expected)
+
+    # mkregtable command tests
+    def test_mkregtable(self):
+        cmd = "drivers/gpu/drm/radeon/mkregtable ../drivers/gpu/drm/radeon/reg_srcs/r100 > drivers/gpu/drm/radeon/r100_reg_safe.h"
+        expected = "../drivers/gpu/drm/radeon/reg_srcs/r100"
+        self._assert_parsing(cmd, expected)
+
+    # genheaders command tests
+    def test_genheaders(self):
+        cmd = "security/selinux/genheaders security/selinux/flask.h security/selinux/av_permissions.h"
+        expected = ""
+        self._assert_parsing(cmd, expected)
+
+    # mkcpustr command tests
+    def test_mkcpustr(self):
+        cmd = "arch/x86/boot/mkcpustr > arch/x86/boot/cpustr.h"
+        expected = ""
+        self._assert_parsing(cmd, expected)
+
+    # polgen command tests
+    def test_polgen(self):
+        cmd = "scripts/ipe/polgen/polgen security/ipe/boot_policy.c"
+        expected = ""
+        self._assert_parsing(cmd, expected)
+
+    # gen_header.py command tests
+    def test_gen_header(self):
+        cmd = "mkdir -p drivers/gpu/drm/msm/generated && python3 ../drivers/gpu/drm/msm/registers/gen_header.py --no-validate --rnn ../drivers/gpu/drm/msm/registers --xml ../drivers/gpu/drm/msm/registers/adreno/a2xx.xml c-defines > drivers/gpu/drm/msm/generated/a2xx.xml.h"
+        expected = "../drivers/gpu/drm/msm/registers/adreno/a2xx.xml"
+        self._assert_parsing(cmd, expected)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/scripts/sbom/tests/spdx_graph/__init__.py b/scripts/sbom/tests/spdx_graph/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scripts/sbom/tests/spdx_graph/__init__.py
diff --git a/scripts/sbom/tests/spdx_graph/test_kernel_file.py b/scripts/sbom/tests/spdx_graph/test_kernel_file.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..35a63a768
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scripts/sbom/tests/spdx_graph/test_kernel_file.py
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only OR MIT
+# Copyright (C) 2025 TNG Technology Consulting GmbH
+
+import unittest
+from pathlib import Path
+import tempfile
+from sbom.spdx_graph.kernel_file import _parse_spdx_license_identifier  # type: ignore
+
+
+class TestKernelFile(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.tmpdir = tempfile.TemporaryDirectory()
+        self.src_tree = Path(self.tmpdir.name)
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        self.tmpdir.cleanup()
+
+    def test_parse_spdx_license_identifier(self):
+        # REUSE-IgnoreStart
+        test_cases: list[tuple[str, str | None]] = [
+            ("/* SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT*/", "MIT"),
+            ("// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only", "GPL-2.0-only"),
+            ("# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only", "GPL-2.0-only"),
+            ("#!/bin/bash\n# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only", "GPL-2.0-only"),
+            ("/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later OR MIT */", "GPL-2.0-or-later OR MIT"),
+            ("/* SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 */\n extra text", "Apache-2.0"),
+            ("<!-- SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 -->", "GPL-2.0"),
+            ("int main() { return 0; }", None),
+        ]
+        # REUSE-IgnoreEnd
+
+        for i, (file_content, expected_identifier) in enumerate(test_cases):
+            file_path = self.src_tree / f"file_{i}.c"
+            file_path.write_text(file_content)
+            self.assertEqual(_parse_spdx_license_identifier(str(file_path)), expected_identifier)