Merge tag 'trace-v7.3-rc2' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/trace/linux-tracegrafted

Pull tracing fixes from Steven Rostedt:

 - Don't destroy user event fields when removal fails

   User event fields are destroyed before the event is removed from
   visibility. But that can fail leaving the still visible event with no
   fields. Move the destroying of the fields to after the event is
   successfully removed from visibility.

 - Initialize function graph state is fork before calling
   copy_exec_state()

   For non-CLONE_VM forks, copy_exec_state() allocates a new
   task_exec_state. If that allocation fails, ftrace_graph_exit_task()
   will free the tasks ret_stack pointer. Since that pointer is still
   using the parent's ret_stack, it mistakenly frees the parent's
   pointer too.

   Call ftrace_graph_init() on the task first which will NULL out the
   new tasks's ret_stack and if the copy fails, it will not free
   anything.

 - Remove FGRAPH_MAX_INDEX

   The macro FGRAPH_MAX_INDEX was added but never used. Remove it.

 - Save ent_size in function graph printing of nested functions

   The function graph tracer needs to look at the next event to see if
   the next event is the return of the current function entry. If it is,
   it prints a single line:

	ktime_get();

   Otherwise it prints it like a nested function:

	tick_nohz_irq_exit() {
	    ktime_get();
	    kcpustat_irq_exit();
	}

   In order to look at the next event, it must save the current event so
   that it has the information to print from it. It saves the event in
   the iterator descriptor called "ent". What it doesn't save is the
   ent_size of the event which is now used to know if the function graph
   arguments are to be printed. The peek doesn't save the size so the
   size used happens to be that of the size of the last event that was
   seen.

   Save the entry event size in the iterator descriptor so that the
   correct size is used.

 - Fix several errors with freeing data in the histogram code

   The histogram code had a lot of leaked or or incorrect accounting
   when failures happen. Correct them.

 - Fix histogram regression of .percent and .graph modifiers

   Up until 6.3 histogram values could have "percent" or "graph"
   modifiers that changed how they were printed. But a change that added
   restricting histograms values from being strings, stack traces and
   other modifiers inadvertently prevented them from using the percent
   and graph modifiers, which were legal use cases for values.

   Put back the percent and graph modifiers.

 - Fix various typos in the comments

 - Set the trace_clock before initializing a histogram with clock
   argument

   The histogram API allows the user to specific which trace clock to
   use via a "clock=" string. The histogram is set up first before the
   clock is checked. If the passed in clock is not valid, it exits
   without fully fixing up the histogram leaving it on the list and a
   use-after-free can trigger.

   Update the clock argument first and if it fails then exit gracefully
   before the histogram trigger is placed on any lists.

 - Restore :mod: trailer after parsing in ftrace_set_clr_event

   The function ftrace_set_clr_event() modifies the parse string and
   needs to put it back to what was passed in. It searches for ":mod:"
   via a strsep() but fails to put back the first ':' in the string.

   Add back the ':' in the passed in string.

 - Take trace_array reference when opening a tracer options file

   The options files are dynamically created and some tracers add their
   own options. When a tracer adds their own list of options, the
   trace_array holding them has an array to hold the list of options for
   each tracer. This array increases in size via a krealloc(), and the
   new entry gets a newly allocated array to hold the options of the new
   tracer being added.

   The element in each entry of the tracer's option array holds a
   pointer back to the trace_array, a pointer to the tracer it is
   associated to, a pointer to the flags of the option.

   The issue is that these arrays are freed when the trace_array is
   freed when its instance it represents is removed from the instances
   directory. There's a race that an open of one of these options files
   can happen when the instance is being removed.

   Add a new helper function to be called by the open function of the
   options file to iterate all existing trace_arrays under a lock and
   find the one that has the given option element in one of it's tracer
   arrays. If found, then update the associated trace_array's reference
   counter to keep it from being freed. If not found, have the open call
   return -ENODEV.

 - Disable interrupts when acquiring the lock in rb_wake_up_waiters()

   The function rb_wake_up_waiters() assumes it will be called in
   interrupt context and does not disable irqs when taking
   cpu_buffer->reader_lock, which can be called in hard interrupt
   context. The issue is in PREEMPT_RT, this function is called in
   thread context leaving this lock open to a deadlock.

   Take the lock with interrupts disabled.

 - Use rcu_assign_pointer() for tmp_ops filter hash

   The tmp_ops used in update_ftrace_direct_mod() assigns its
   filter_hash field directly, but that field is annotated as __rcu and
   sparse complains. Assign it with rcu_assign_pointer()

 - Fix use-after-free in enable_trigger_private_data_free()

   The trace_event_call is accessed through the event_trigger_data's
   trace_event_file pointer to put the trace_event_call on freeing. The
   issue is that the trace_event_file data may have been freed already
   causing a use-after-free. Add a field to the event_trigger_data that
   points directly to the trace_event_call so that it can decrement its
   reference directly without needing to go through the
   trace_event_file.

 - Fix accounting of buffer data remote headers

   trace_buffer_desc_size() and trace_remote_alloc_buffer() undercount
   the number of pages is needed for the asked for size as it doesn't
   take into account the meta data on each page. Add a helper function
   to do the calculation properly and use that in these functions.

 - Catch nr_page_va overflow in ring_buffer_desc sizing

   The number of pages per remote ring buffer is capped by
   ring_buffer_desc::nr_page_va (32 bits). A buffer_size large enough to
   overflow that field would silently allocate a descriptor smaller than
   what was asked for.

 - Do not resize the subbuf order if any per_cpu buffer is disabled

   The mmapping of ring buffers disables resizing the subbuffers, but it
   is done per-cpu whereas the subbuf size change is done for all the
   per_cpu buffers under the buffer->mutex. It could change the size of
   some while the mapping is happening on others. Have the resize of the
   subbuf order check all the per_cpu buffers under the lock to see if
   any of them is disabled before starting and causing an inconsistency
   between buffers that are being mapped.

* tag 'trace-v7.3-rc2' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/trace/linux-trace: (25 commits)
  ring-buffer: Check resize_disabled before publishing the new subbuf order
  tracing/remotes: Catch nr_page_va overflow in ring_buffer_desc sizing
  tracing/remotes: Account for ring buffer page header in size calculation
  tracing: Don't dereference trace_event_file in deferred trigger free
  ftrace: Use rcu_assign_pointer() for tmp_ops filter hash
  ring-buffer: Acquire the lock with irqsave in rb_wake_up_waiters()
  tracing: Take trace_array reference when opening a tracer options file
  tracing: Fix ring_buffer_read_page_size() kernel-doc
  tracing: Restore :mod: trailer after parsing in ftrace_set_clr_event()
  tracing: Fix memory corruption from a "STACKTRACE" histogram key
  tracing: Fix memory corruption from the histogram stacktrace modifier
  tracing: Undo the registration when enabling the histogram trigger fails
  tracing: Take the reference before publishing the named histogram trigger
  tracing: Set the trace clock before registering the histogram trigger
  tracing: Fix typo "preceeded" in comment
  tracing: Fix typo "availabe" in comment
  tracing: Let histogram values keep the percent and graph modifiers
  tracing: Keep the entry count when the histogram stats allocation fails
  tracing: Free histogram the field rejected for a bad modifier
  tracing: Free histogram the var ref when its initialization fails
  ...

1 files changed, 800 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/net/9p/protocol.c b/net/9p/protocol.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..67b0586d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/net/9p/protocol.c
@@ -0,0 +1,800 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only
+/*
+ * 9P Protocol Support Code
+ *
+ *  Copyright (C) 2008 by Eric Van Hensbergen <ericvh@gmail.com>
+ *
+ *  Base on code from Anthony Liguori <aliguori@us.ibm.com>
+ *  Copyright (C) 2008 by IBM, Corp.
+ */
+
+#include <linux/module.h>
+#include <linux/errno.h>
+#include <linux/kernel.h>
+#include <linux/uaccess.h>
+#include <linux/slab.h>
+#include <linux/sched.h>
+#include <linux/stddef.h>
+#include <linux/types.h>
+#include <linux/uio.h>
+#include <net/9p/9p.h>
+#include <net/9p/client.h>
+#include "protocol.h"
+
+#include <trace/events/9p.h>
+
+/* len[2] text[len] */
+#define P9_STRLEN(s) \
+	(2 + min_t(size_t, s ? strlen(s) : 0, USHRT_MAX))
+
+/**
+ * p9_msg_buf_size - Returns a buffer size sufficiently large to hold the
+ * intended 9p message.
+ * @c: client
+ * @type: message type
+ * @fmt: format template for assembling request message
+ * (see p9pdu_vwritef)
+ * @ap: variable arguments to be fed to passed format template
+ * (see p9pdu_vwritef)
+ *
+ * Note: Even for response types (P9_R*) the format template and variable
+ * arguments must always be for the originating request type (P9_T*).
+ */
+size_t p9_msg_buf_size(struct p9_client *c, enum p9_msg_t type,
+			const char *fmt, va_list ap)
+{
+	/* size[4] type[1] tag[2] */
+	const int hdr = 4 + 1 + 2;
+	/* ename[s] errno[4] */
+	const int rerror_size = hdr + P9_ERRMAX + 4;
+	/* ecode[4] */
+	const int rlerror_size = hdr + 4;
+	const int err_size =
+		c->proto_version == p9_proto_2000L ? rlerror_size : rerror_size;
+
+	static_assert(NAME_MAX <= 4*1024, "p9_msg_buf_size() currently assumes "
+				  "a max. allowed directory entry name length of 4k");
+
+	switch (type) {
+
+	/* message types not used at all */
+	case P9_TERROR:
+	case P9_TLERROR:
+	case P9_TAUTH:
+	case P9_RAUTH:
+		BUG();
+
+	/* variable length & potentially large message types */
+	case P9_TATTACH:
+		BUG_ON(strcmp("ddss?u", fmt));
+		va_arg(ap, int32_t);
+		va_arg(ap, int32_t);
+		{
+			const char *uname = va_arg(ap, const char *);
+			const char *aname = va_arg(ap, const char *);
+			/* fid[4] afid[4] uname[s] aname[s] n_uname[4] */
+			return hdr + 4 + 4 + P9_STRLEN(uname) + P9_STRLEN(aname) + 4;
+		}
+	case P9_TWALK:
+		BUG_ON(strcmp("ddT", fmt));
+		va_arg(ap, int32_t);
+		va_arg(ap, int32_t);
+		{
+			uint i, nwname = va_arg(ap, int);
+			size_t wname_all;
+			const char **wnames = va_arg(ap, const char **);
+			for (i = 0, wname_all = 0; i < nwname; ++i) {
+				wname_all += P9_STRLEN(wnames[i]);
+			}
+			/* fid[4] newfid[4] nwname[2] nwname*(wname[s]) */
+			return hdr + 4 + 4 + 2 + wname_all;
+		}
+	case P9_RWALK:
+		BUG_ON(strcmp("ddT", fmt));
+		va_arg(ap, int32_t);
+		va_arg(ap, int32_t);
+		{
+			uint nwname = va_arg(ap, int);
+			/* nwqid[2] nwqid*(wqid[13]) */
+			return max_t(size_t, hdr + 2 + nwname * 13, err_size);
+		}
+	case P9_TCREATE:
+		BUG_ON(strcmp("dsdb?s", fmt));
+		va_arg(ap, int32_t);
+		{
+			const char *name = va_arg(ap, const char *);
+			if (c->proto_version == p9_proto_legacy) {
+				/* fid[4] name[s] perm[4] mode[1] */
+				return hdr + 4 + P9_STRLEN(name) + 4 + 1;
+			} else {
+				va_arg(ap, int32_t);
+				va_arg(ap, int);
+				{
+					const char *ext = va_arg(ap, const char *);
+					/* fid[4] name[s] perm[4] mode[1] extension[s] */
+					return hdr + 4 + P9_STRLEN(name) + 4 + 1 + P9_STRLEN(ext);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	case P9_TLCREATE:
+		BUG_ON(strcmp("dsddg", fmt));
+		va_arg(ap, int32_t);
+		{
+			const char *name = va_arg(ap, const char *);
+			/* fid[4] name[s] flags[4] mode[4] gid[4] */
+			return hdr + 4 + P9_STRLEN(name) + 4 + 4 + 4;
+		}
+	case P9_RREAD:
+	case P9_RREADDIR:
+		BUG_ON(strcmp("dqd", fmt));
+		va_arg(ap, int32_t);
+		va_arg(ap, int64_t);
+		{
+			const int32_t count = va_arg(ap, int32_t);
+			/* count[4] data[count] */
+			return max_t(size_t, hdr + 4 + count, err_size);
+		}
+	case P9_TWRITE:
+		BUG_ON(strcmp("dqV", fmt));
+		va_arg(ap, int32_t);
+		va_arg(ap, int64_t);
+		{
+			const int32_t count = va_arg(ap, int32_t);
+			/* fid[4] offset[8] count[4] data[count] */
+			return hdr + 4 + 8 + 4 + count;
+		}
+	case P9_TRENAMEAT:
+		BUG_ON(strcmp("dsds", fmt));
+		va_arg(ap, int32_t);
+		{
+			const char *oldname, *newname;
+			oldname = va_arg(ap, const char *);
+			va_arg(ap, int32_t);
+			newname = va_arg(ap, const char *);
+			/* olddirfid[4] oldname[s] newdirfid[4] newname[s] */
+			return hdr + 4 + P9_STRLEN(oldname) + 4 + P9_STRLEN(newname);
+		}
+	case P9_TSYMLINK:
+		BUG_ON(strcmp("dssg", fmt));
+		va_arg(ap, int32_t);
+		{
+			const char *name = va_arg(ap, const char *);
+			const char *symtgt = va_arg(ap, const char *);
+			/* fid[4] name[s] symtgt[s] gid[4] */
+			return hdr + 4 + P9_STRLEN(name) + P9_STRLEN(symtgt) + 4;
+		}
+
+	case P9_RERROR:
+		return rerror_size;
+	case P9_RLERROR:
+		return rlerror_size;
+
+	/* small message types */
+	case P9_TWSTAT:
+	case P9_RSTAT:
+	case P9_RREADLINK:
+	case P9_TXATTRWALK:
+	case P9_TXATTRCREATE:
+	case P9_TLINK:
+	case P9_TMKDIR:
+	case P9_TMKNOD:
+	case P9_TRENAME:
+	case P9_TUNLINKAT:
+	case P9_TLOCK:
+		return 8 * 1024;
+
+	/* tiny message types */
+	default:
+		return 4 * 1024;
+
+	}
+}
+
+static int
+p9pdu_writef(struct p9_fcall *pdu, int proto_version, const char *fmt, ...);
+
+void p9stat_free(struct p9_wstat *stbuf)
+{
+	kfree(stbuf->name);
+	stbuf->name = NULL;
+	kfree(stbuf->uid);
+	stbuf->uid = NULL;
+	kfree(stbuf->gid);
+	stbuf->gid = NULL;
+	kfree(stbuf->muid);
+	stbuf->muid = NULL;
+	kfree(stbuf->extension);
+	stbuf->extension = NULL;
+}
+EXPORT_SYMBOL(p9stat_free);
+
+size_t pdu_read(struct p9_fcall *pdu, void *data, size_t size)
+{
+	size_t len = min(pdu->size - pdu->offset, size);
+
+	memcpy(data, &pdu->sdata[pdu->offset], len);
+	pdu->offset += len;
+	return size - len;
+}
+
+static size_t pdu_write(struct p9_fcall *pdu, const void *data, size_t size)
+{
+	size_t len = min(pdu->capacity - pdu->size, size);
+
+	memcpy(&pdu->sdata[pdu->size], data, len);
+	pdu->size += len;
+	return size - len;
+}
+
+static size_t
+pdu_write_u(struct p9_fcall *pdu, struct iov_iter *from, size_t size)
+{
+	size_t len = min(pdu->capacity - pdu->size, size);
+
+	if (!copy_from_iter_full(&pdu->sdata[pdu->size], len, from))
+		len = 0;
+
+	pdu->size += len;
+	return size - len;
+}
+
+/*	b - int8_t
+ *	w - int16_t
+ *	d - int32_t
+ *	q - int64_t
+ *	s - string
+ *	u - numeric uid
+ *	g - numeric gid
+ *	S - stat
+ *	Q - qid
+ *	D - data blob (int32_t size followed by void *, results are not freed)
+ *	T - array of strings (int16_t count, followed by strings)
+ *	R - array of qids (int16_t count, followed by qids)
+ *	A - stat for 9p2000.L (p9_stat_dotl)
+ *	? - if optional = 1, continue parsing
+ */
+
+static int
+p9pdu_vreadf(struct p9_fcall *pdu, int proto_version, const char *fmt,
+	     va_list ap)
+{
+	const char *ptr;
+	int errcode = 0;
+
+	for (ptr = fmt; *ptr; ptr++) {
+		switch (*ptr) {
+		case 'b':{
+				int8_t *val = va_arg(ap, int8_t *);
+				if (pdu_read(pdu, val, sizeof(*val))) {
+					errcode = -EFAULT;
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+			break;
+		case 'w':{
+				int16_t *val = va_arg(ap, int16_t *);
+				__le16 le_val;
+				if (pdu_read(pdu, &le_val, sizeof(le_val))) {
+					errcode = -EFAULT;
+					break;
+				}
+				*val = le16_to_cpu(le_val);
+			}
+			break;
+		case 'd':{
+				int32_t *val = va_arg(ap, int32_t *);
+				__le32 le_val;
+				if (pdu_read(pdu, &le_val, sizeof(le_val))) {
+					errcode = -EFAULT;
+					break;
+				}
+				*val = le32_to_cpu(le_val);
+			}
+			break;
+		case 'q':{
+				int64_t *val = va_arg(ap, int64_t *);
+				__le64 le_val;
+				if (pdu_read(pdu, &le_val, sizeof(le_val))) {
+					errcode = -EFAULT;
+					break;
+				}
+				*val = le64_to_cpu(le_val);
+			}
+			break;
+		case 's':{
+				char **sptr = va_arg(ap, char **);
+				uint16_t len;
+
+				errcode = p9pdu_readf(pdu, proto_version,
+								"w", &len);
+				if (errcode)
+					break;
+
+				*sptr = kmalloc(len + 1, GFP_NOFS);
+				if (*sptr == NULL) {
+					errcode = -ENOMEM;
+					break;
+				}
+				if (pdu_read(pdu, *sptr, len)) {
+					errcode = -EFAULT;
+					kfree(*sptr);
+					*sptr = NULL;
+				} else
+					(*sptr)[len] = 0;
+			}
+			break;
+		case 'u': {
+				kuid_t *uid = va_arg(ap, kuid_t *);
+				__le32 le_val;
+				if (pdu_read(pdu, &le_val, sizeof(le_val))) {
+					errcode = -EFAULT;
+					break;
+				}
+				*uid = make_kuid(&init_user_ns,
+						 le32_to_cpu(le_val));
+			} break;
+		case 'g': {
+				kgid_t *gid = va_arg(ap, kgid_t *);
+				__le32 le_val;
+				if (pdu_read(pdu, &le_val, sizeof(le_val))) {
+					errcode = -EFAULT;
+					break;
+				}
+				*gid = make_kgid(&init_user_ns,
+						 le32_to_cpu(le_val));
+			} break;
+		case 'Q':{
+				struct p9_qid *qid =
+				    va_arg(ap, struct p9_qid *);
+
+				errcode = p9pdu_readf(pdu, proto_version, "bdq",
+						      &qid->type, &qid->version,
+						      &qid->path);
+			}
+			break;
+		case 'S':{
+				struct p9_wstat *stbuf =
+				    va_arg(ap, struct p9_wstat *);
+
+				memset(stbuf, 0, sizeof(struct p9_wstat));
+				stbuf->n_uid = stbuf->n_muid = INVALID_UID;
+				stbuf->n_gid = INVALID_GID;
+
+				errcode =
+				    p9pdu_readf(pdu, proto_version,
+						"wwdQdddqssss?sugu",
+						&stbuf->size, &stbuf->type,
+						&stbuf->dev, &stbuf->qid,
+						&stbuf->mode, &stbuf->atime,
+						&stbuf->mtime, &stbuf->length,
+						&stbuf->name, &stbuf->uid,
+						&stbuf->gid, &stbuf->muid,
+						&stbuf->extension,
+						&stbuf->n_uid, &stbuf->n_gid,
+						&stbuf->n_muid);
+				if (errcode)
+					p9stat_free(stbuf);
+			}
+			break;
+		case 'D':{
+				uint32_t *count = va_arg(ap, uint32_t *);
+				void **data = va_arg(ap, void **);
+
+				errcode =
+				    p9pdu_readf(pdu, proto_version, "d", count);
+				if (!errcode) {
+					*count =
+					    min_t(uint32_t, *count,
+						  pdu->size - pdu->offset);
+					*data = &pdu->sdata[pdu->offset];
+				}
+			}
+			break;
+		case 'T':{
+				uint16_t *nwname = va_arg(ap, uint16_t *);
+				char ***wnames = va_arg(ap, char ***);
+
+				*wnames = NULL;
+
+				errcode = p9pdu_readf(pdu, proto_version,
+								"w", nwname);
+				if (!errcode) {
+					*wnames =
+					    kmalloc_array(*nwname,
+							  sizeof(char *),
+							  GFP_NOFS);
+					if (!*wnames)
+						errcode = -ENOMEM;
+					else
+						(*wnames)[0] = NULL;
+				}
+
+				if (!errcode) {
+					int i;
+
+					for (i = 0; i < *nwname; i++) {
+						errcode =
+						    p9pdu_readf(pdu,
+								proto_version,
+								"s",
+								&(*wnames)[i]);
+						if (errcode) {
+							(*wnames)[i] = NULL;
+							break;
+						}
+					}
+				}
+
+				if (errcode) {
+					if (*wnames) {
+						int i;
+
+						for (i = 0; i < *nwname; i++) {
+							if (!(*wnames)[i])
+								break;
+							kfree((*wnames)[i]);
+						}
+						kfree(*wnames);
+						*wnames = NULL;
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			break;
+		case 'R':{
+				uint16_t *nwqid = va_arg(ap, uint16_t *);
+				struct p9_qid **wqids =
+				    va_arg(ap, struct p9_qid **);
+
+				*wqids = NULL;
+
+				errcode =
+				    p9pdu_readf(pdu, proto_version, "w", nwqid);
+				if (!errcode) {
+					*wqids =
+					    kmalloc_objs(struct p9_qid, *nwqid,
+							 GFP_NOFS);
+					if (*wqids == NULL)
+						errcode = -ENOMEM;
+				}
+
+				if (!errcode) {
+					int i;
+
+					for (i = 0; i < *nwqid; i++) {
+						errcode =
+						    p9pdu_readf(pdu,
+								proto_version,
+								"Q",
+								&(*wqids)[i]);
+						if (errcode)
+							break;
+					}
+				}
+
+				if (errcode) {
+					kfree(*wqids);
+					*wqids = NULL;
+				}
+			}
+			break;
+		case 'A': {
+				struct p9_stat_dotl *stbuf =
+				    va_arg(ap, struct p9_stat_dotl *);
+
+				memset(stbuf, 0, sizeof(struct p9_stat_dotl));
+				errcode =
+				    p9pdu_readf(pdu, proto_version,
+					"qQdugqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq",
+					&stbuf->st_result_mask,
+					&stbuf->qid,
+					&stbuf->st_mode,
+					&stbuf->st_uid, &stbuf->st_gid,
+					&stbuf->st_nlink,
+					&stbuf->st_rdev, &stbuf->st_size,
+					&stbuf->st_blksize, &stbuf->st_blocks,
+					&stbuf->st_atime_sec,
+					&stbuf->st_atime_nsec,
+					&stbuf->st_mtime_sec,
+					&stbuf->st_mtime_nsec,
+					&stbuf->st_ctime_sec,
+					&stbuf->st_ctime_nsec,
+					&stbuf->st_btime_sec,
+					&stbuf->st_btime_nsec,
+					&stbuf->st_gen,
+					&stbuf->st_data_version);
+			}
+			break;
+		case '?':
+			if ((proto_version != p9_proto_2000u) &&
+				(proto_version != p9_proto_2000L))
+				return 0;
+			break;
+		default:
+			BUG();
+			break;
+		}
+
+		if (errcode)
+			break;
+	}
+
+	return errcode;
+}
+
+int
+p9pdu_vwritef(struct p9_fcall *pdu, int proto_version, const char *fmt,
+	va_list ap)
+{
+	const char *ptr;
+	int errcode = 0;
+
+	for (ptr = fmt; *ptr; ptr++) {
+		switch (*ptr) {
+		case 'b':{
+				int8_t val = va_arg(ap, int);
+				if (pdu_write(pdu, &val, sizeof(val)))
+					errcode = -EFAULT;
+			}
+			break;
+		case 'w':{
+				__le16 val = cpu_to_le16(va_arg(ap, int));
+				if (pdu_write(pdu, &val, sizeof(val)))
+					errcode = -EFAULT;
+			}
+			break;
+		case 'd':{
+				__le32 val = cpu_to_le32(va_arg(ap, int32_t));
+				if (pdu_write(pdu, &val, sizeof(val)))
+					errcode = -EFAULT;
+			}
+			break;
+		case 'q':{
+				__le64 val = cpu_to_le64(va_arg(ap, int64_t));
+				if (pdu_write(pdu, &val, sizeof(val)))
+					errcode = -EFAULT;
+			}
+			break;
+		case 's':{
+				const char *sptr = va_arg(ap, const char *);
+				uint16_t len = 0;
+				if (sptr)
+					len = min_t(size_t, strlen(sptr),
+								USHRT_MAX);
+
+				errcode = p9pdu_writef(pdu, proto_version,
+								"w", len);
+				if (!errcode && pdu_write(pdu, sptr, len))
+					errcode = -EFAULT;
+			}
+			break;
+		case 'u': {
+				kuid_t uid = va_arg(ap, kuid_t);
+				__le32 val = cpu_to_le32(
+						from_kuid(&init_user_ns, uid));
+				if (pdu_write(pdu, &val, sizeof(val)))
+					errcode = -EFAULT;
+			} break;
+		case 'g': {
+				kgid_t gid = va_arg(ap, kgid_t);
+				__le32 val = cpu_to_le32(
+						from_kgid(&init_user_ns, gid));
+				if (pdu_write(pdu, &val, sizeof(val)))
+					errcode = -EFAULT;
+			} break;
+		case 'Q':{
+				const struct p9_qid *qid =
+				    va_arg(ap, const struct p9_qid *);
+				errcode =
+				    p9pdu_writef(pdu, proto_version, "bdq",
+						 qid->type, qid->version,
+						 qid->path);
+			} break;
+		case 'S':{
+				const struct p9_wstat *stbuf =
+				    va_arg(ap, const struct p9_wstat *);
+				errcode =
+				    p9pdu_writef(pdu, proto_version,
+						 "wwdQdddqssss?sugu",
+						 stbuf->size, stbuf->type,
+						 stbuf->dev, &stbuf->qid,
+						 stbuf->mode, stbuf->atime,
+						 stbuf->mtime, stbuf->length,
+						 stbuf->name, stbuf->uid,
+						 stbuf->gid, stbuf->muid,
+						 stbuf->extension, stbuf->n_uid,
+						 stbuf->n_gid, stbuf->n_muid);
+			} break;
+		case 'V':{
+				uint32_t count = va_arg(ap, uint32_t);
+				struct iov_iter *from =
+						va_arg(ap, struct iov_iter *);
+				errcode = p9pdu_writef(pdu, proto_version, "d",
+									count);
+				if (!errcode && pdu_write_u(pdu, from, count))
+					errcode = -EFAULT;
+			}
+			break;
+		case 'T':{
+				uint16_t nwname = va_arg(ap, int);
+				const char **wnames = va_arg(ap, const char **);
+
+				errcode = p9pdu_writef(pdu, proto_version, "w",
+									nwname);
+				if (!errcode) {
+					int i;
+
+					for (i = 0; i < nwname; i++) {
+						errcode =
+						    p9pdu_writef(pdu,
+								proto_version,
+								 "s",
+								 wnames[i]);
+						if (errcode)
+							break;
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			break;
+		case 'R':{
+				uint16_t nwqid = va_arg(ap, int);
+				struct p9_qid *wqids =
+				    va_arg(ap, struct p9_qid *);
+
+				errcode = p9pdu_writef(pdu, proto_version, "w",
+									nwqid);
+				if (!errcode) {
+					int i;
+
+					for (i = 0; i < nwqid; i++) {
+						errcode =
+						    p9pdu_writef(pdu,
+								proto_version,
+								 "Q",
+								 &wqids[i]);
+						if (errcode)
+							break;
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			break;
+		case 'I':{
+				struct p9_iattr_dotl *p9attr = va_arg(ap,
+							struct p9_iattr_dotl *);
+
+				errcode = p9pdu_writef(pdu, proto_version,
+							"ddugqqqqq",
+							p9attr->valid,
+							p9attr->mode,
+							p9attr->uid,
+							p9attr->gid,
+							p9attr->size,
+							p9attr->atime_sec,
+							p9attr->atime_nsec,
+							p9attr->mtime_sec,
+							p9attr->mtime_nsec);
+			}
+			break;
+		case '?':
+			if ((proto_version != p9_proto_2000u) &&
+				(proto_version != p9_proto_2000L))
+				return 0;
+			break;
+		default:
+			BUG();
+			break;
+		}
+
+		if (errcode)
+			break;
+	}
+
+	return errcode;
+}
+
+int p9pdu_readf(struct p9_fcall *pdu, int proto_version, const char *fmt, ...)
+{
+	va_list ap;
+	int ret;
+
+	va_start(ap, fmt);
+	ret = p9pdu_vreadf(pdu, proto_version, fmt, ap);
+	va_end(ap);
+
+	return ret;
+}
+
+static int
+p9pdu_writef(struct p9_fcall *pdu, int proto_version, const char *fmt, ...)
+{
+	va_list ap;
+	int ret;
+
+	va_start(ap, fmt);
+	ret = p9pdu_vwritef(pdu, proto_version, fmt, ap);
+	va_end(ap);
+
+	return ret;
+}
+
+int p9stat_read(struct p9_client *clnt, char *buf, int len, struct p9_wstat *st)
+{
+	struct p9_fcall fake_pdu;
+	int ret;
+
+	fake_pdu.size = len;
+	fake_pdu.capacity = len;
+	fake_pdu.sdata = buf;
+	fake_pdu.offset = 0;
+
+	ret = p9pdu_readf(&fake_pdu, clnt->proto_version, "S", st);
+	if (ret) {
+		p9_debug(P9_DEBUG_9P, "<<< p9stat_read failed: %d\n", ret);
+		trace_9p_protocol_dump(clnt, &fake_pdu);
+		return ret;
+	}
+
+	return fake_pdu.offset;
+}
+EXPORT_SYMBOL(p9stat_read);
+
+int p9pdu_prepare(struct p9_fcall *pdu, int16_t tag, int8_t type)
+{
+	pdu->id = type;
+	return p9pdu_writef(pdu, 0, "dbw", 0, type, tag);
+}
+
+int p9pdu_finalize(struct p9_client *clnt, struct p9_fcall *pdu)
+{
+	int size = pdu->size;
+	int err;
+
+	pdu->size = 0;
+	err = p9pdu_writef(pdu, 0, "d", size);
+	pdu->size = size;
+
+	trace_9p_protocol_dump(clnt, pdu);
+	p9_debug(P9_DEBUG_9P, ">>> size=%d type: %d tag: %d\n",
+		 pdu->size, pdu->id, pdu->tag);
+
+	return err;
+}
+
+void p9pdu_reset(struct p9_fcall *pdu)
+{
+	pdu->offset = 0;
+	pdu->size = 0;
+}
+
+int p9dirent_read(struct p9_client *clnt, char *buf, int len,
+		  struct p9_dirent *dirent)
+{
+	struct p9_fcall fake_pdu;
+	int ret;
+	char *nameptr;
+
+	fake_pdu.size = len;
+	fake_pdu.capacity = len;
+	fake_pdu.sdata = buf;
+	fake_pdu.offset = 0;
+
+	ret = p9pdu_readf(&fake_pdu, clnt->proto_version, "Qqbs", &dirent->qid,
+			  &dirent->d_off, &dirent->d_type, &nameptr);
+	if (ret) {
+		p9_debug(P9_DEBUG_9P, "<<< p9dirent_read failed: %d\n", ret);
+		trace_9p_protocol_dump(clnt, &fake_pdu);
+		return ret;
+	}
+
+	ret = strscpy(dirent->d_name, nameptr, sizeof(dirent->d_name));
+	if (ret < 0) {
+		p9_debug(P9_DEBUG_ERROR,
+			 "On the wire dirent name too long: %s\n",
+			 nameptr);
+		kfree(nameptr);
+		return ret;
+	}
+	kfree(nameptr);
+
+	return fake_pdu.offset;
+}
+EXPORT_SYMBOL(p9dirent_read);