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authorFuad Tabba <fuad.tabba@linux.dev>2026-09-22 19:14:30 +0100
committerWill Deacon <will@kernel.org>2026-09-23 12:34:30 +0000
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treecb91c941eccb15f94cbec4e96aa3a9c8736b5d66 /Documentation/input/userio.rst
downloadlinux-stable-2bc6b218717b9d08f466f88209251d54bc09b207.tar.gz
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arm64/boot: Disable trapping of PMZR_EL0 writes to EL2grafted
__init_el2_fgt2() writes one mask to both HDFGRTR2_EL2 and HDFGWTR2_EL2. PMZR_EL0 is write-only, so its trap bit, nPMZR_EL0, exists only in HDFGWTR2_EL2 and is therefore never set: a PMZR_EL0 write from the host traps to EL2, where the nVHE hypervisor has no handler and BUG()s. The kernel never writes PMZR_EL0, but kernel.perf_user_access=1 has the PMU driver set PMUSERENR_EL0.UEN for a task with a user-read event, so a write from EL0 reaches the trap and takes the host down without a panic message. Accumulate the HDFGWTR2_EL2 bits separately, as __init_el2_fgt() already does for HDFGWTR_EL2, and set nPMZR_EL0 with the other FEAT_PMUv3p9 bits. Fixes: 858c7bfcb35e1 ("arm64/boot: Enable EL2 requirements for FEAT_PMUv3p9") Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org Signed-off-by: Fuad Tabba <fuad.tabba@linux.dev> Reviewed-by: Anshuman Khandual <anshuman.khandual@arm.com> Reviewed-by: Oliver Upton <oupton@kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Will Deacon <will@kernel.org>
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+.. include:: <isonum.txt>
+
+===================
+The userio Protocol
+===================
+
+
+:Copyright: |copy| 2015 Lyude Paul <thatslyude@gmail.com>
+
+Sponsored by Red Hat
+
+
+Introduction
+=============
+
+This module is intended to try to make the lives of input driver developers
+easier by allowing them to test various serio devices (mainly the various
+touchpads found on laptops) without having to have the physical device in front
+of them. userio accomplishes this by allowing any privileged userspace program
+to directly interact with the kernel's serio driver and control a virtual serio
+port from there.
+
+Usage overview
+==============
+
+In order to interact with the userio kernel module, one simply opens the
+/dev/userio character device in their applications. Commands are sent to the
+kernel module by writing to the device, and any data received from the serio
+driver is read as-is from the /dev/userio device. All of the structures and
+macros you need to interact with the device are defined in <linux/userio.h> and
+<linux/serio.h>.
+
+Command Structure
+=================
+
+The struct used for sending commands to /dev/userio is as follows::
+
+ struct userio_cmd {
+ __u8 type;
+ __u8 data;
+ };
+
+``type`` describes the type of command that is being sent. This can be any one
+of the USERIO_CMD macros defined in <linux/userio.h>. ``data`` is the argument
+that goes along with the command. In the event that the command doesn't have an
+argument, this field can be left untouched and will be ignored by the kernel.
+Each command should be sent by writing the struct directly to the character
+device. In the event that the command you send is invalid, an error will be
+returned by the character device and a more descriptive error will be printed
+to the kernel log. Only one command can be sent at a time, any additional data
+written to the character device after the initial command will be ignored.
+
+To close the virtual serio port, just close /dev/userio.
+
+Commands
+========
+
+USERIO_CMD_REGISTER
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Registers the port with the serio driver and begins transmitting data back and
+forth. Registration can only be performed once a port type is set with
+USERIO_CMD_SET_PORT_TYPE. Has no argument.
+
+USERIO_CMD_SET_PORT_TYPE
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Sets the type of port we're emulating, where ``data`` is the port type being
+set. Can be any of the serio type macros from <linux/serio.h>. For example:
+SERIO_8042 would set the port type to be a normal PS/2 port.
+
+USERIO_CMD_SET_PORT_PROTO
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Sets the protocol of port we're emulating, where ``data`` is the protocol being
+set. Can be any of the serio proto macros from <linux/serio.h>. For example:
+SERIO_IFORCE would set the port type to be an I-Force serial joystick.
+
+USERIO_CMD_SET_PORT_ID
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Sets the ``id`` value on the identification of port we're emulating, where
+``data`` is the value being set.
+
+USERIO_CMD_SET_PORT_EXTRA
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Sets the ``extra`` value on the identification of port we're emulating, where
+``data`` is the value being set.
+
+USERIO_CMD_SEND_INTERRUPT
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Sends an interrupt through the virtual serio port to the serio driver, where
+``data`` is the interrupt data being sent.
+
+Userspace tools
+===============
+
+The userio userspace tools are able to record PS/2 devices using some of the
+debugging information from i8042, and play back the devices on /dev/userio. The
+latest version of these tools can be found at:
+
+ https://github.com/Lyude/ps2emu