x86/kprobes: Fix crash when probing CS CALL instructionsgrafted

When using eBPF to probe CS CALL instructions within a function,
a crash can be triggered.

The eBPF tool probes offset 257 of the __hrtimer_run_queues()
function:

<__hrtimer_run_queues+249>:  nopl   0x0(%rax,%rax,1)
<__hrtimer_run_queues+254>:  mov    %r14,%rdi
<__hrtimer_run_queues+257>:  cs call <__x86_indirect_thunk_r12>
<__hrtimer_run_queues+263>:  mov    %eax,%r12d
<__hrtimer_run_queues+266>:  xchg   %ax,%ax
<__hrtimer_run_queues+268>:  mov    %r13,%rdi

Which triggers this crash:

  BUG: unable to handle page fault for address: 00000000000f41c9
  #PF: supervisor write access in kernel mode
  #PF: error_code(0x0002) - not-present page
  PGD 0 P4D 0
  Oops: 0002 [#1] SMP NOPTI
  CPU: 1 PID: 0 Comm: swapper/1 Kdump: loaded Tainted: P
  RIP: 0010:__hrtimer_run_queues+0x106/0x230

Note that __hrtimer_run_queues+0x106 is __hrtimer_run_queues+262, which is
at the 6th byte of the above CS CALL instruction. Since the CS CALL
instruction occupies 6 bytes, the exception occurred in the middle of that
call instruction.

The root cause is that when using eBPF tools to probe in the middle of a
function, a kprobe with INT3 is used as the underlying implementation.

During single-step emulation of the original CALL instruction,
int3_emulate_call() assumes that the probed CALL instruction is 5 bytes
long. However, the actual CS-prefixed CALL instruction occupies 6 bytes,
so it constructs an incorrect exception return address. When the CPU
returns from the kprobe handler, the next instruction to be executed is at
the address of the last byte of that CS CALL instruction. Coincidentally,
starting from that address, the CPU fetches and decodes a completely
different instruction, which ultimately triggers a kernel crash.

Fix the issue by using the actual instruction length obtained from
the instruction decoder when constructing the exception return
address, rather than relying on the hardcoded CALL_INSN_SIZE macro.

[ mingo: Refined the changelog ]

Fixes: 6256e668b7af ("x86/kprobes: Use int3 instead of debug trap for single-step")
Suggested-by: Masami Hiramatsu (Google) <mhiramat@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Jinke Han <jinkehan@didiglobal.com>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: Masami Hiramatsu (Google) <mhiramat@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Yafang Shao <laoar.shao@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Borislav Petkov <bp@alien8.de>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20260908073742.GA10517@didi-ThinkCentre-M920t-N000

1 files changed, 112 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/Documentation/driver-api/gpio/intro.rst b/Documentation/driver-api/gpio/intro.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5936a9c57
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/driver-api/gpio/intro.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+============
+Introduction
+============
+
+
+GPIO Interfaces
+===============
+
+The documents in this directory give detailed instructions on how to access
+GPIOs in drivers, and how to write a driver for a device that provides GPIOs
+itself.
+
+
+What is a GPIO?
+===============
+
+A "General Purpose Input/Output" (GPIO) is a flexible software-controlled
+digital signal. They are provided from many kinds of chips, and are familiar
+to Linux developers working with embedded and custom hardware. Each GPIO
+represents a bit connected to a particular pin, or "ball" on Ball Grid Array
+(BGA) packages. Board schematics show which external hardware connects to
+which GPIOs. Drivers can be written generically, so that board setup code
+passes such pin configuration data to drivers.
+
+System-on-Chip (SOC) processors heavily rely on GPIOs. In some cases, every
+non-dedicated pin can be configured as a GPIO; and most chips have at least
+several dozen of them. Programmable logic devices (like FPGAs) can easily
+provide GPIOs; multifunction chips like power managers, and audio codecs
+often have a few such pins to help with pin scarcity on SOCs; and there are
+also "GPIO Expander" chips that connect using the I2C or SPI serial buses.
+Most PC southbridges have a few dozen GPIO-capable pins (with only the BIOS
+firmware knowing how they're used).
+
+The exact capabilities of GPIOs vary between systems. Common options:
+
+  - Output values are writable (high=1, low=0). Some chips also have
+    options about how that value is driven, so that for example only one
+    value might be driven, supporting "wire-OR" and similar schemes for the
+    other value (notably, "open drain" signaling).
+
+  - Input values are likewise readable (1, 0). Some chips support readback
+    of pins configured as "output", which is very useful in such "wire-OR"
+    cases (to support bidirectional signaling). GPIO controllers may have
+    input de-glitch/debounce logic, sometimes with software controls.
+
+  - Inputs can often be used as IRQ signals, often edge triggered but
+    sometimes level triggered. Such IRQs may be configurable as system
+    wakeup events, to wake the system from a low power state.
+
+  - Usually a GPIO will be configurable as either input or output, as needed
+    by different product boards; single direction ones exist too.
+
+  - Most GPIOs can be accessed while holding spinlocks, but those accessed
+    through a serial bus normally can't. Some systems support both types.
+
+On a given board each GPIO is used for one specific purpose like monitoring
+MMC/SD card insertion/removal, detecting card write-protect status, driving
+a LED, configuring a transceiver, bit-banging a serial bus, poking a hardware
+watchdog, sensing a switch, and so on.
+
+
+Common GPIO Properties
+======================
+
+These properties are met through all the other documents of the GPIO interface
+and it is useful to understand them, especially if you need to define GPIO
+mappings.
+
+Active-High and Active-Low
+--------------------------
+It is natural to assume that a GPIO is "active" when its output signal is 1
+("high"), and inactive when it is 0 ("low"). However in practice the signal of a
+GPIO may be inverted before is reaches its destination, or a device could decide
+to have different conventions about what "active" means. Such decisions should
+be transparent to device drivers, therefore it is possible to define a GPIO as
+being either active-high ("1" means "active", the default) or active-low ("0"
+means "active") so that drivers only need to worry about the logical signal and
+not about what happens at the line level.
+
+Open Drain and Open Source
+--------------------------
+Sometimes shared signals need to use "open drain" (where only the low signal
+level is actually driven), or "open source" (where only the high signal level is
+driven) signaling. That term applies to CMOS transistors; "open collector" is
+used for TTL. A pullup or pulldown resistor causes the high or low signal level.
+This is sometimes called a "wire-AND"; or more practically, from the negative
+logic (low=true) perspective this is a "wire-OR".
+
+One common example of an open drain signal is a shared active-low IRQ line.
+Also, bidirectional data bus signals sometimes use open drain signals.
+
+Some GPIO controllers directly support open drain and open source outputs; many
+don't. When you need open drain signaling but your hardware doesn't directly
+support it, there's a common idiom you can use to emulate it with any GPIO pin
+that can be used as either an input or an output:
+
+ **LOW**: ``gpiod_direction_output(gpio, 0)`` ... this drives the signal and
+ overrides the pullup.
+
+ **HIGH**: ``gpiod_direction_input(gpio)`` ... this turns off the output, so
+ the pullup (or some other device) controls the signal.
+
+The same logic can be applied to emulate open source signaling, by driving the
+high signal and configuring the GPIO as input for low. This open drain/open
+source emulation can be handled transparently by the GPIO framework.
+
+If you are "driving" the signal high but gpiod_get_value(gpio) reports a low
+value (after the appropriate rise time passes), you know some other component is
+driving the shared signal low. That's not necessarily an error. As one common
+example, that's how I2C clocks are stretched:  a slave that needs a slower clock
+delays the rising edge of SCK, and the I2C master adjusts its signaling rate
+accordingly.