Merge branches 'expcb.2026.07.24a', 'misc.2026.07.30a', 'rcu-tasks.2026.07.30a', 'srcu.2026.08.11a' and 'torture.2026.08.14a' into HEADgrafted

Changes:

Make expedited grace periods expedite normal RCU callbacks

Miscellaneous fixes:
 * Improve diagnostic output with character task states.
 * Mark accesses to inform KCSAN of concurrency design.
 * Move from kmalloc() to kmalloc_obj().
 * Documentation updates.
 * Improve handling of RCU deferred quiescent states.
 * Clean up unused function arguments and structure fields.
 * Reduce show_rcu_gp_kthreads() stack space.

Tasks RCU updates:
 * Clean up after SRCU re-implementation of Tasks Trace RCU.
 * Mark accesses to inform KCSAN of concurrency design.
 * Add ->lazy_timer status to diagnostic output.
 * Remove an unnecessary memory barrier.
 * Fix a data race, courtesy of KCSAN.
 * Documentation updates.
 * Convert cond_resched_tasks_rcu_qs() from macro to static inline
   function.

SRCU updates:
 * Add Rust helpers for SRCU.
 * Avoid losing queued work at cleanup_srcu_struct() time.

Torture-test updates:
 * Preparation work for immediate RCU priority deboosting.
 * Test RCU readers from real interrupt handlers (as opposed to softirq).
 * Simplify code through use of cpumask_next_wrap().
 * Improve diagnostic output with character task states.
 * Add rcutorture.nwriters parameter to allow lightweight stall testing,
   and rcutorture.stall_only to make doing so easier.
 * Test an RCU Tasks Trace grace period implying an RCU grace period.
 * Make RCU Tasks Trace torturing track reader batches.
 * Fix a data race, courtesy of KCSAN.
 * Plug a shuffle_tmp_mask memory leak on kthread spawn failure.

1 files changed, 117 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/Documentation/admin-guide/cpu-load.rst b/Documentation/admin-guide/cpu-load.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..21a984337
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/admin-guide/cpu-load.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+========
+CPU load
+========
+
+Linux exports various bits of information via ``/proc/stat`` and
+``/proc/uptime`` that userland tools, such as top(1), use to calculate
+the average time system spent in a particular state, for example::
+
+    $ iostat
+    Linux 2.6.18.3-exp (linmac)     02/20/2007
+
+    avg-cpu:  %user   %nice %system %iowait  %steal   %idle
+              10.01    0.00    2.92    5.44    0.00   81.63
+
+    ...
+
+Here the system thinks that over the default sampling period the
+system spent 10.01% of the time doing work in user space, 2.92% in the
+kernel, and was overall 81.63% of the time idle.
+
+In most cases the ``/proc/stat``	 information reflects the reality quite
+closely, however due to the nature of how/when the kernel collects
+this data sometimes it can not be trusted at all.
+
+So how is this information collected?  Whenever timer interrupt is
+signalled the kernel looks what kind of task was running at this
+moment and increments the counter that corresponds to this tasks
+kind/state.  The problem with this is that the system could have
+switched between various states multiple times between two timer
+interrupts yet the counter is incremented only for the last state.
+
+
+Example
+-------
+
+If we imagine the system with one task that periodically burns cycles
+in the following manner::
+
+     time line between two timer interrupts
+    |--------------------------------------|
+     ^                                    ^
+     |_ something begins working          |
+                                          |_ something goes to sleep
+                                         (only to be awaken quite soon)
+
+In the above situation the system will be 0% loaded according to the
+``/proc/stat`` (since the timer interrupt will always happen when the
+system is executing the idle handler), but in reality the load is
+closer to 99%.
+
+One can imagine many more situations where this behavior of the kernel
+will lead to quite erratic information inside ``/proc/stat``::
+
+
+	/* gcc -o hog smallhog.c */
+	#include <time.h>
+	#include <limits.h>
+	#include <signal.h>
+	#include <sys/time.h>
+	#define HIST 10
+
+	static volatile sig_atomic_t stop;
+
+	static void sighandler(int signr)
+	{
+		(void) signr;
+		stop = 1;
+	}
+
+	static unsigned long hog (unsigned long niters)
+	{
+		stop = 0;
+		while (!stop && --niters);
+		return niters;
+	}
+
+	int main (void)
+	{
+		int i;
+		struct itimerval it = {
+			.it_interval = { .tv_sec = 0, .tv_usec = 1 },
+			.it_value    = { .tv_sec = 0, .tv_usec = 1 } };
+		sigset_t set;
+		unsigned long v[HIST];
+		double tmp = 0.0;
+		unsigned long n;
+		signal(SIGALRM, &sighandler);
+		setitimer(ITIMER_REAL, &it, NULL);
+
+		hog (ULONG_MAX);
+		for (i = 0; i < HIST; ++i) v[i] = ULONG_MAX - hog(ULONG_MAX);
+		for (i = 0; i < HIST; ++i) tmp += v[i];
+		tmp /= HIST;
+		n = tmp - (tmp / 3.0);
+
+		sigemptyset(&set);
+		sigaddset(&set, SIGALRM);
+
+		for (;;) {
+			hog(n);
+			sigwait(&set, &i);
+		}
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+
+References
+----------
+
+- https://lore.kernel.org/r/loom.20070212T063225-663@post.gmane.org
+- Documentation/filesystems/proc.rst (1.8)
+
+
+Thanks
+------
+
+Con Kolivas, Pavel Machek