x86/kprobes: Fix crash when probing CS CALL instructionsgrafted

When using eBPF to probe CS CALL instructions within a function,
a crash can be triggered.

The eBPF tool probes offset 257 of the __hrtimer_run_queues()
function:

<__hrtimer_run_queues+249>:  nopl   0x0(%rax,%rax,1)
<__hrtimer_run_queues+254>:  mov    %r14,%rdi
<__hrtimer_run_queues+257>:  cs call <__x86_indirect_thunk_r12>
<__hrtimer_run_queues+263>:  mov    %eax,%r12d
<__hrtimer_run_queues+266>:  xchg   %ax,%ax
<__hrtimer_run_queues+268>:  mov    %r13,%rdi

Which triggers this crash:

  BUG: unable to handle page fault for address: 00000000000f41c9
  #PF: supervisor write access in kernel mode
  #PF: error_code(0x0002) - not-present page
  PGD 0 P4D 0
  Oops: 0002 [#1] SMP NOPTI
  CPU: 1 PID: 0 Comm: swapper/1 Kdump: loaded Tainted: P
  RIP: 0010:__hrtimer_run_queues+0x106/0x230

Note that __hrtimer_run_queues+0x106 is __hrtimer_run_queues+262, which is
at the 6th byte of the above CS CALL instruction. Since the CS CALL
instruction occupies 6 bytes, the exception occurred in the middle of that
call instruction.

The root cause is that when using eBPF tools to probe in the middle of a
function, a kprobe with INT3 is used as the underlying implementation.

During single-step emulation of the original CALL instruction,
int3_emulate_call() assumes that the probed CALL instruction is 5 bytes
long. However, the actual CS-prefixed CALL instruction occupies 6 bytes,
so it constructs an incorrect exception return address. When the CPU
returns from the kprobe handler, the next instruction to be executed is at
the address of the last byte of that CS CALL instruction. Coincidentally,
starting from that address, the CPU fetches and decodes a completely
different instruction, which ultimately triggers a kernel crash.

Fix the issue by using the actual instruction length obtained from
the instruction decoder when constructing the exception return
address, rather than relying on the hardcoded CALL_INSN_SIZE macro.

[ mingo: Refined the changelog ]

Fixes: 6256e668b7af ("x86/kprobes: Use int3 instead of debug trap for single-step")
Suggested-by: Masami Hiramatsu (Google) <mhiramat@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Jinke Han <jinkehan@didiglobal.com>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: Masami Hiramatsu (Google) <mhiramat@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Yafang Shao <laoar.shao@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Borislav Petkov <bp@alien8.de>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20260908073742.GA10517@didi-ThinkCentre-M920t-N000

1 files changed, 348 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/Documentation/PCI/endpoint/pci-ntb-function.rst b/Documentation/PCI/endpoint/pci-ntb-function.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3b9d836a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/PCI/endpoint/pci-ntb-function.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,348 @@
+.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+
+=================
+PCI NTB Function
+=================
+
+:Author: Kishon Vijay Abraham I <kishon@ti.com>
+
+PCI Non-Transparent Bridges (NTB) allow two host systems to communicate
+with each other by exposing each host as a device to the other host.
+NTBs typically support the ability to generate interrupts on the remote
+machine, expose memory ranges as BARs, and perform DMA.  They also support
+scratchpads, which are areas of memory within the NTB that are accessible
+from both machines.
+
+PCI NTB Function allows two different systems (or hosts) to communicate
+with each other by configuring the endpoint instances in such a way that
+transactions from one system are routed to the other system.
+
+In the below diagram, PCI NTB function configures the SoC with multiple
+PCI Endpoint (EP) instances in such a way that transactions from one EP
+controller are routed to the other EP controller. Once PCI NTB function
+configures the SoC with multiple EP instances, HOST1 and HOST2 can
+communicate with each other using SoC as a bridge.
+
+.. code-block:: text
+
+    +-------------+                                   +-------------+
+    |             |                                   |             |
+    |    HOST1    |                                   |    HOST2    |
+    |             |                                   |             |
+    +------^------+                                   +------^------+
+           |                                                 |
+           |                                                 |
+ +---------|-------------------------------------------------|---------+
+ |  +------v------+                                   +------v------+  |
+ |  |             |                                   |             |  |
+ |  |     EP      |                                   |     EP      |  |
+ |  | CONTROLLER1 |                                   | CONTROLLER2 |  |
+ |  |             <----------------------------------->             |  |
+ |  |             |                                   |             |  |
+ |  |             |                                   |             |  |
+ |  |             |  SoC With Multiple EP Instances   |             |  |
+ |  |             |  (Configured using NTB Function)  |             |  |
+ |  +-------------+                                   +-------------+  |
+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------+
+
+Constructs used for Implementing NTB
+====================================
+
+	1) Config Region
+	2) Self Scratchpad Registers
+	3) Peer Scratchpad Registers
+	4) Doorbell (DB) Registers
+	5) Memory Window (MW)
+
+
+Config Region:
+--------------
+
+Config Region is a construct that is specific to NTB implemented using NTB
+Endpoint Function Driver. The host and endpoint side NTB function driver will
+exchange information with each other using this region. Config Region has
+Control/Status Registers for configuring the Endpoint Controller. Host can
+write into this region for configuring the outbound Address Translation Unit
+(ATU) and to indicate the link status. Endpoint can indicate the status of
+commands issued by host in this region. Endpoint can also indicate the
+scratchpad offset and number of memory windows to the host using this region.
+
+The format of Config Region is given below. All the fields here are 32 bits.
+
+.. code-block:: text
+
+	+------------------------+
+	|         COMMAND        |
+	+------------------------+
+	|         ARGUMENT       |
+	+------------------------+
+	|         STATUS         |
+	+------------------------+
+	|         TOPOLOGY       |
+	+------------------------+
+	|    ADDRESS (LOWER 32)  |
+	+------------------------+
+	|    ADDRESS (UPPER 32)  |
+	+------------------------+
+	|           SIZE         |
+	+------------------------+
+	|   NO OF MEMORY WINDOW  |
+	+------------------------+
+	|  MEMORY WINDOW1 OFFSET |
+	+------------------------+
+	|       SPAD OFFSET      |
+	+------------------------+
+	|        SPAD COUNT      |
+	+------------------------+
+	|      DB ENTRY SIZE     |
+	+------------------------+
+	|         DB DATA        |
+	+------------------------+
+	|            :           |
+	+------------------------+
+	|            :           |
+	+------------------------+
+	|         DB DATA        |
+	+------------------------+
+
+
+  COMMAND:
+
+	NTB function supports three commands:
+
+	  CMD_CONFIGURE_DOORBELL (0x1): Command to configure doorbell. Before
+	invoking this command, the host should allocate and initialize
+	MSI/MSI-X vectors (i.e., initialize the MSI/MSI-X Capability in the
+	Endpoint). The endpoint on receiving this command will configure
+	the outbound ATU such that transactions to Doorbell BAR will be routed
+	to the MSI/MSI-X address programmed by the host. The ARGUMENT
+	register should be populated with number of DBs to configure (in the
+	lower 16 bits) and if MSI or MSI-X should be configured (BIT 16).
+
+	  CMD_CONFIGURE_MW (0x2): Command to configure memory window (MW). The
+	host invokes this command after allocating a buffer that can be
+	accessed by remote host. The allocated address should be programmed
+	in the ADDRESS register (64 bit), the size should be programmed in
+	the SIZE register and the memory window index should be programmed
+	in the ARGUMENT register. The endpoint on receiving this command
+	will configure the outbound ATU such that transactions to MW BAR
+	are routed to the address provided by the host.
+
+	  CMD_LINK_UP (0x3): Command to indicate an NTB application is
+	bound to the EP device on the host side. Once the endpoint
+	receives this command from both the hosts, the endpoint will
+	raise a LINK_UP event to both the hosts to indicate the host
+	NTB applications can start communicating with each other.
+
+  ARGUMENT:
+
+	The value of this register is based on the commands issued in
+	command register. See COMMAND section for more information.
+
+  TOPOLOGY:
+
+	Set to NTB_TOPO_B2B_USD for Primary interface
+	Set to NTB_TOPO_B2B_DSD for Secondary interface
+
+  ADDRESS/SIZE:
+
+	Address and Size to be used while configuring the memory window.
+	See "CMD_CONFIGURE_MW" for more info.
+
+  MEMORY WINDOW1 OFFSET:
+
+	Memory Window 1 and Doorbell registers are packed together in the
+	same BAR. The initial portion of the region will have doorbell
+	registers and the latter portion of the region is for memory window 1.
+	This register will specify the offset of the memory window 1.
+
+  NO OF MEMORY WINDOW:
+
+	Specifies the number of memory windows supported by the NTB device.
+
+  SPAD OFFSET:
+
+	Self scratchpad region and config region are packed together in the
+	same BAR. The initial portion of the region will have config region
+	and the latter portion of the region is for self scratchpad. This
+	register will specify the offset of the self scratchpad registers.
+
+  SPAD COUNT:
+
+	Specifies the number of scratchpad registers supported by the NTB
+	device.
+
+  DB ENTRY SIZE:
+
+	Used to determine the offset within the DB BAR that should be written
+	in order to raise doorbell. EPF NTB can use either MSI or MSI-X to
+	ring doorbell (MSI-X support will be added later). MSI uses same
+	address for all the interrupts and MSI-X can provide different
+	addresses for different interrupts. The MSI/MSI-X address is provided
+	by the host and the address it gives is based on the MSI/MSI-X
+	implementation supported by the host. For instance, ARM platform
+	using GIC ITS will have the same MSI-X address for all the interrupts.
+	In order to support all the combinations and use the same mechanism
+	for both MSI and MSI-X, EPF NTB allocates a separate region in the
+	Outbound Address Space for each of the interrupts. This region will
+	be mapped to the MSI/MSI-X address provided by the host. If a host
+	provides the same address for all the interrupts, all the regions
+	will be translated to the same address. If a host provides different
+	addresses, the regions will be translated to different addresses. This
+	will ensure there is no difference while raising the doorbell.
+
+  DB DATA:
+
+	EPF NTB supports 32 interrupts, so there are 32 DB DATA registers.
+	This holds the MSI/MSI-X data that has to be written to MSI address
+	for raising doorbell interrupt. This will be populated by EPF NTB
+	while invoking CMD_CONFIGURE_DOORBELL.
+
+Scratchpad Registers:
+---------------------
+
+  Each host has its own register space allocated in the memory of NTB endpoint
+  controller. They are both readable and writable from both sides of the bridge.
+  They are used by applications built over NTB and can be used to pass control
+  and status information between both sides of a device.
+
+  Scratchpad registers has 2 parts
+	1) Self Scratchpad: Host's own register space
+	2) Peer Scratchpad: Remote host's register space.
+
+Doorbell Registers:
+-------------------
+
+  Doorbell Registers are used by the hosts to interrupt each other.
+
+Memory Window:
+--------------
+
+  Actual transfer of data between the two hosts will happen using the
+  memory window.
+
+Modeling Constructs:
+====================
+
+There are 5 or more distinct regions (config, self scratchpad, peer
+scratchpad, doorbell, one or more memory windows) to be modeled to achieve
+NTB functionality. At least one memory window is required while more than
+one is permitted. All these regions should be mapped to BARs for hosts to
+access these regions.
+
+If one 32-bit BAR is allocated for each of these regions, the scheme would
+look like this:
+
+======  ===============
+BAR NO  CONSTRUCTS USED
+======  ===============
+BAR0    Config Region
+BAR1    Self Scratchpad
+BAR2    Peer Scratchpad
+BAR3    Doorbell
+BAR4    Memory Window 1
+BAR5    Memory Window 2
+======  ===============
+
+However if we allocate a separate BAR for each of the regions, there would not
+be enough BARs for all the regions in a platform that supports only 64-bit
+BARs.
+
+In order to be supported by most of the platforms, the regions should be
+packed and mapped to BARs in a way that provides NTB functionality and
+also makes sure the host doesn't access any region that it is not supposed
+to.
+
+The following scheme is used in EPF NTB Function:
+
+======  ===============================
+BAR NO  CONSTRUCTS USED
+======  ===============================
+BAR0    Config Region + Self Scratchpad
+BAR1    Peer Scratchpad
+BAR2    Doorbell + Memory Window 1
+BAR3    Memory Window 2
+BAR4    Memory Window 3
+BAR5    Memory Window 4
+======  ===============================
+
+With this scheme, for the basic NTB functionality 3 BARs should be sufficient.
+
+Modeling Config/Scratchpad Region:
+----------------------------------
+
+.. code-block:: text
+
+ +-----------------+------->+------------------+        +-----------------+
+ |       BAR0      |        |  CONFIG REGION   |        |       BAR0      |
+ +-----------------+----+   +------------------+<-------+-----------------+
+ |       BAR1      |    |   |SCRATCHPAD REGION |        |       BAR1      |
+ +-----------------+    +-->+------------------+<-------+-----------------+
+ |       BAR2      |            Local Memory            |       BAR2      |
+ +-----------------+                                    +-----------------+
+ |       BAR3      |                                    |       BAR3      |
+ +-----------------+                                    +-----------------+
+ |       BAR4      |                                    |       BAR4      |
+ +-----------------+                                    +-----------------+
+ |       BAR5      |                                    |       BAR5      |
+ +-----------------+                                    +-----------------+
+   EP CONTROLLER 1                                        EP CONTROLLER 2
+
+Above diagram shows Config region + Scratchpad region for HOST1 (connected to
+EP controller 1) allocated in local memory. The HOST1 can access the config
+region and scratchpad region (self scratchpad) using BAR0 of EP controller 1.
+The peer host (HOST2 connected to EP controller 2) can also access this
+scratchpad region (peer scratchpad) using BAR1 of EP controller 2. This
+diagram shows the case where Config region and Scratchpad regions are allocated
+for HOST1, however the same is applicable for HOST2.
+
+Modeling Doorbell/Memory Window 1:
+----------------------------------
+
+.. code-block:: text
+
+ +-----------------+    +----->+----------------+-----------+-----------------+
+ |       BAR0      |    |      |   Doorbell 1   +-----------> MSI-X ADDRESS 1 |
+ +-----------------+    |      +----------------+           +-----------------+
+ |       BAR1      |    |      |   Doorbell 2   +---------+ |                 |
+ +-----------------+----+      +----------------+         | |                 |
+ |       BAR2      |           |   Doorbell 3   +-------+ | +-----------------+
+ +-----------------+----+      +----------------+       | +-> MSI-X ADDRESS 2 |
+ |       BAR3      |    |      |   Doorbell 4   +-----+ |   +-----------------+
+ +-----------------+    |      |----------------+     | |   |                 |
+ |       BAR4      |    |      |                |     | |   +-----------------+
+ +-----------------+    |      |      MW1       +---+ | +-->+ MSI-X ADDRESS 3||
+ |       BAR5      |    |      |                |   | |     +-----------------+
+ +-----------------+    +----->-----------------+   | |     |                 |
+   EP CONTROLLER 1             |                |   | |     +-----------------+
+                               |                |   | +---->+ MSI-X ADDRESS 4 |
+                               +----------------+   |       +-----------------+
+                                EP CONTROLLER 2     |       |                 |
+                                  (OB SPACE)        |       |                 |
+                                                    +------->      MW1        |
+                                                            |                 |
+                                                            |                 |
+                                                            +-----------------+
+                                                            |                 |
+                                                            |                 |
+                                                            |                 |
+                                                            |                 |
+                                                            |                 |
+                                                            +-----------------+
+                                                             PCI Address Space
+                                                             (Managed by HOST2)
+
+Above diagram shows how the doorbell and memory window 1 is mapped so that
+HOST1 can raise doorbell interrupt on HOST2 and also how HOST1 can access
+buffers exposed by HOST2 using memory window1 (MW1). Here doorbell and
+memory window 1 regions are allocated in EP controller 2 outbound (OB) address
+space. Allocating and configuring BARs for doorbell and memory window1
+is done during the initialization phase of NTB endpoint function driver.
+Mapping from EP controller 2 OB space to PCI address space is done when HOST2
+sends CMD_CONFIGURE_MW/CMD_CONFIGURE_DOORBELL.
+
+Modeling Optional Memory Windows:
+---------------------------------
+
+This is modeled the same was as MW1 but each of the additional memory windows
+is mapped to separate BARs.