From 034dd340b08be1f2f0477ad16131d609f9dbd53c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Linus Torvalds Date: Sun, 30 Aug 2026 09:22:00 -0700 Subject: Merge tag 'trace-v7.3-2' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/trace/linux-trace Pull tracing fixes from Steven Rostedt: - Fix error output of boot instance creation failure Currently if a boot instance creation fails, instead of printing out the name of the instance that failed, it prints "(null)". That is because it prints "cur_str" that had already been processed by strsep(). Print the saved name instead. While at it, print the error code of the failure. - Fix use-after-free for same named historgrams Histograms can be named so that they can be used in multiple events. But if the named histogram has a variable attached, the second event that uses the named histogram which duplicates it and needs to free the original after duplication leaves the old variable in place and still visible. If another histogram uses than variable, it will use the stale one which will try to reference the freed duplicate histogram and crash the kernel. Free the duplicate variables along with the duplicated histogram data. - Check return value of kthread_run() in event self test The events self tests uses a kthread for testing but does not check if it succeeded in creating a kthread. If the kthread creation were to fail, the code will still try to call kthread_stop() on the error returned. - Fix race between reading trace_pipe and updating subbuffer size If a user is reading the trace_pipe file at the same time they update the ring buffer sub-buffer size, can cause the trace_pipe read to read stale data. Add trace_access_lock() around updating the ring buffer sub-buffer size. - Fix eventfs_inode on failure path in creation of the events directory In the creation of the "events" directory, if after allocating the eventfs_inode a failure is detected, it calls cleanup_ei() which calls free_ei(). The free_ei() will test if eventfs_inode being freed has no children. It is a bug if it does. But on the failure case of the creation of the "events" directory, the children lists have not yet been initialized and the free will trigger a warning because list_empty() on an uninitialized list returns false. Move the initialization into init_ei() where it makes more sense and makes sure that a created eventfs_inode has its lists initialized upon creation. - Check return value of kthread_run() in ftrace direct sample code The sample code that shows how to use the ftrace direct calls does not test the return of kthread_run() to see if it succeeds. Return a failure if the kthread_run() doesn't succeed. - Clear user events state on fork in case of alloc failure On fork, the child gets a pointer to the parent's user events state. It makes a copy of it then updates the child's pointer to it. But if the allocation fails, the duplication function leaves the child with a pointer to its parent's descriptor. When the child cleans up its data, it will free the parent's descriptor while the parent is still using it. In the duplication function, set the child's user_event_mm to NULL before testing if the allocation succeeded, and when it exits it will not free the parent's descriptor. - Fix retry exhaustion in simple ring buffer reader swap simple_ring_buffer_swap_reader_page() starts with retry set to 8 and post-decrements it only after a failed link replacement. On the final attempt, a successful replacement leaves retry at zero, while a failed replacement leaves it at -1. But the check for success expects the retry value to be non-zero and exits with an error on zero. This is the opposite result. Fix it. - Fail nicely when the remote swap_reader_page() returns an error Currently, if the swap_reader_page() of a remote buffer fails, it triggers a WARN_ON_ONCE() and continues normally. Instead, have it exit with an error and a pr_warn() print instead of a full WARNING. * tag 'trace-v7.3-2' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/trace/linux-trace: ring-buffer: Stop remote reader update when page swap fails tracing: Fix retry exhaustion in simple ring buffer reader swap tracing/user_events: Clear copied tracing state before fork duplication samples/ftrace: Fix kthread_stop() on ERR_PTR in ftrace-direct-multi-modify samples/ftrace: Fix kthread_stop() on ERR_PTR in ftrace-direct-modify eventfs: Initialize ei->children and ei->list in init_ei() tracing: Fix use-after-free in trace_pipe read on sub-buffer order change tracing: Fix crash passing ERR_PTR to kthread_stop() tracing: Fix use-after-free with same-name named triggers tracing: Fix logged instance name on creation failure --- Documentation/admin-guide/unicode.rst | 188 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 188 insertions(+) create mode 100644 Documentation/admin-guide/unicode.rst (limited to 'Documentation/admin-guide/unicode.rst') diff --git a/Documentation/admin-guide/unicode.rst b/Documentation/admin-guide/unicode.rst new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cba7e5017 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/admin-guide/unicode.rst @@ -0,0 +1,188 @@ +Unicode support +=============== + + Last update: 2005-01-17, version 1.4 + +Note: The original version of this document, which was maintained at +lanana.org as part of the Linux Assigned Names And Numbers Authority +(LANANA) project, is no longer existent. So, this version in the +mainline Linux kernel is now the maintained main document. + +Introduction +------------ + +The Linux kernel code has been rewritten to use Unicode to map +characters to fonts. By downloading a single Unicode-to-font table, +both the eight-bit character sets and UTF-8 mode are changed to use +the font as indicated. + +This changes the semantics of the eight-bit character tables subtly. +The four character tables are now: + +=============== =============================== ================ +Map symbol Map name Escape code (G0) +=============== =============================== ================ +LAT1_MAP Latin-1 (ISO 8859-1) ESC ( B +GRAF_MAP DEC VT100 pseudographics ESC ( 0 +IBMPC_MAP IBM code page 437 ESC ( U +USER_MAP User defined ESC ( K +=============== =============================== ================ + +In particular, ESC ( U is no longer "straight to font", since the font +might be completely different than the IBM character set. This +permits for example the use of block graphics even with a Latin-1 font +loaded. + +Note that although these codes are similar to ISO 2022, neither the +codes nor their uses match ISO 2022; Linux has two 8-bit codes (G0 and +G1), whereas ISO 2022 has four 7-bit codes (G0-G3). + +In accordance with the Unicode standard/ISO 10646 the range U+F000 to +U+F8FF has been reserved for OS-wide allocation (the Unicode Standard +refers to this as a "Corporate Zone", since this is inaccurate for +Linux we call it the "Linux Zone"). U+F000 was picked as the starting +point since it lets the direct-mapping area start on a large power of +two (in case 1024- or 2048-character fonts ever become necessary). +This leaves U+E000 to U+EFFF as End User Zone. + +[v1.2]: The Unicodes range from U+F000 and up to U+F7FF have been +hard-coded to map directly to the loaded font, bypassing the +translation table. The user-defined map now defaults to U+F000 to +U+F0FF, emulating the previous behaviour. In practice, this range +might be shorter; for example, vgacon can only handle 256-character +(U+F000..U+F0FF) or 512-character (U+F000..U+F1FF) fonts. + + +Actual characters assigned in the Linux Zone +-------------------------------------------- + +In addition, the following characters not present in Unicode 1.1.4 +have been defined; these are used by the DEC VT graphics map. [v1.2] +THIS USE IS OBSOLETE AND SHOULD NO LONGER BE USED; PLEASE SEE BELOW. + +====== ====================================== +U+F800 DEC VT GRAPHICS HORIZONTAL LINE SCAN 1 +U+F801 DEC VT GRAPHICS HORIZONTAL LINE SCAN 3 +U+F803 DEC VT GRAPHICS HORIZONTAL LINE SCAN 7 +U+F804 DEC VT GRAPHICS HORIZONTAL LINE SCAN 9 +====== ====================================== + +The DEC VT220 uses a 6x10 character matrix, and these characters form +a smooth progression in the DEC VT graphics character set. I have +omitted the scan 5 line, since it is also used as a block-graphics +character, and hence has been coded as U+2500 FORMS LIGHT HORIZONTAL. + +[v1.3]: These characters have been officially added to Unicode 3.2.0; +they are added at U+23BA, U+23BB, U+23BC, U+23BD. Linux now uses the +new values. + +[v1.2]: The following characters have been added to represent common +keyboard symbols that are unlikely to ever be added to Unicode proper +since they are horribly vendor-specific. This, of course, is an +excellent example of horrible design. + +====== ====================================== +U+F810 KEYBOARD SYMBOL FLYING FLAG +U+F811 KEYBOARD SYMBOL PULLDOWN MENU +U+F812 KEYBOARD SYMBOL OPEN APPLE +U+F813 KEYBOARD SYMBOL SOLID APPLE +====== ====================================== + +Klingon language support +------------------------ + +In 1996, Linux was the first operating system in the world to add +support for the artificial language Klingon, created by Marc Okrand +for the "Star Trek" television series. This encoding was later +adopted by the ConScript Unicode Registry and proposed (but ultimately +rejected) for inclusion in Unicode Plane 1. Thus, it remains as a +Linux/CSUR private assignment in the Linux Zone. + +This encoding has been endorsed by the Klingon Language Institute. +For more information, contact them at: + + http://www.kli.org/ + +Since the characters in the beginning of the Linux CZ have been more +of the dingbats/symbols/forms type and this is a language, I have +located it at the end, on a 16-cell boundary in keeping with standard +Unicode practice. + +.. note:: + + This range is now officially managed by the ConScript Unicode + Registry. The normative reference is at: + + https://www.evertype.com/standards/csur/klingon.html + +Klingon has an alphabet of 26 characters, a positional numeric writing +system with 10 digits, and is written left-to-right, top-to-bottom. + +Several glyph forms for the Klingon alphabet have been proposed. +However, since the set of symbols appear to be consistent throughout, +with only the actual shapes being different, in keeping with standard +Unicode practice these differences are considered font variants. + +====== ======================================================= +U+F8D0 KLINGON LETTER A +U+F8D1 KLINGON LETTER B +U+F8D2 KLINGON LETTER CH +U+F8D3 KLINGON LETTER D +U+F8D4 KLINGON LETTER E +U+F8D5 KLINGON LETTER GH +U+F8D6 KLINGON LETTER H +U+F8D7 KLINGON LETTER I +U+F8D8 KLINGON LETTER J +U+F8D9 KLINGON LETTER L +U+F8DA KLINGON LETTER M +U+F8DB KLINGON LETTER N +U+F8DC KLINGON LETTER NG +U+F8DD KLINGON LETTER O +U+F8DE KLINGON LETTER P +U+F8DF KLINGON LETTER Q + - Written in standard Okrand Latin transliteration +U+F8E0 KLINGON LETTER QH + - Written in standard Okrand Latin transliteration +U+F8E1 KLINGON LETTER R +U+F8E2 KLINGON LETTER S +U+F8E3 KLINGON LETTER T +U+F8E4 KLINGON LETTER TLH +U+F8E5 KLINGON LETTER U +U+F8E6 KLINGON LETTER V +U+F8E7 KLINGON LETTER W +U+F8E8 KLINGON LETTER Y +U+F8E9 KLINGON LETTER GLOTTAL STOP + +U+F8F0 KLINGON DIGIT ZERO +U+F8F1 KLINGON DIGIT ONE +U+F8F2 KLINGON DIGIT TWO +U+F8F3 KLINGON DIGIT THREE +U+F8F4 KLINGON DIGIT FOUR +U+F8F5 KLINGON DIGIT FIVE +U+F8F6 KLINGON DIGIT SIX +U+F8F7 KLINGON DIGIT SEVEN +U+F8F8 KLINGON DIGIT EIGHT +U+F8F9 KLINGON DIGIT NINE + +U+F8FD KLINGON COMMA +U+F8FE KLINGON FULL STOP +U+F8FF KLINGON SYMBOL FOR EMPIRE +====== ======================================================= + +Other Fictional and Artificial Scripts +-------------------------------------- + +Since the assignment of the Klingon Linux Unicode block, a registry of +fictional and artificial scripts has been established by John Cowan + and Michael Everson . +The ConScript Unicode Registry is accessible at: + + https://www.evertype.com/standards/csur/ + +The ranges used fall at the low end of the End User Zone and can hence +not be normatively assigned, but it is recommended that people who +wish to encode fictional scripts use these codes, in the interest of +interoperability. For Klingon, CSUR has adopted the Linux encoding. +The CSUR people are driving adding Tengwar and Cirth into Unicode +Plane 1; the addition of Klingon to Unicode Plane 1 has been rejected +and so the above encoding remains official. -- cgit v1.3.1