From a5f7a5bb3b7f28ba7e4fa246775b29a0e5537255 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jinke Han <jinkehan@didiglobal.com>
Date: Tue, 8 Sep 2026 15:37:42 +0800
Subject: x86/kprobes: Fix crash when probing CS CALL instructions

When using eBPF to probe CS CALL instructions within a function,
a crash can be triggered.

The eBPF tool probes offset 257 of the __hrtimer_run_queues()
function:

<__hrtimer_run_queues+249>:  nopl   0x0(%rax,%rax,1)
<__hrtimer_run_queues+254>:  mov    %r14,%rdi
<__hrtimer_run_queues+257>:  cs call <__x86_indirect_thunk_r12>
<__hrtimer_run_queues+263>:  mov    %eax,%r12d
<__hrtimer_run_queues+266>:  xchg   %ax,%ax
<__hrtimer_run_queues+268>:  mov    %r13,%rdi

Which triggers this crash:

  BUG: unable to handle page fault for address: 00000000000f41c9
  #PF: supervisor write access in kernel mode
  #PF: error_code(0x0002) - not-present page
  PGD 0 P4D 0
  Oops: 0002 [#1] SMP NOPTI
  CPU: 1 PID: 0 Comm: swapper/1 Kdump: loaded Tainted: P
  RIP: 0010:__hrtimer_run_queues+0x106/0x230

Note that __hrtimer_run_queues+0x106 is __hrtimer_run_queues+262, which is
at the 6th byte of the above CS CALL instruction. Since the CS CALL
instruction occupies 6 bytes, the exception occurred in the middle of that
call instruction.

The root cause is that when using eBPF tools to probe in the middle of a
function, a kprobe with INT3 is used as the underlying implementation.

During single-step emulation of the original CALL instruction,
int3_emulate_call() assumes that the probed CALL instruction is 5 bytes
long. However, the actual CS-prefixed CALL instruction occupies 6 bytes,
so it constructs an incorrect exception return address. When the CPU
returns from the kprobe handler, the next instruction to be executed is at
the address of the last byte of that CS CALL instruction. Coincidentally,
starting from that address, the CPU fetches and decodes a completely
different instruction, which ultimately triggers a kernel crash.

Fix the issue by using the actual instruction length obtained from
the instruction decoder when constructing the exception return
address, rather than relying on the hardcoded CALL_INSN_SIZE macro.

[ mingo: Refined the changelog ]

Fixes: 6256e668b7af ("x86/kprobes: Use int3 instead of debug trap for single-step")
Suggested-by: Masami Hiramatsu (Google) <mhiramat@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Jinke Han <jinkehan@didiglobal.com>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: Masami Hiramatsu (Google) <mhiramat@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Yafang Shao <laoar.shao@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Borislav Petkov <bp@alien8.de>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20260908073742.GA10517@didi-ThinkCentre-M920t-N000
---
 Documentation/admin-guide/bcache.rst | 644 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 644 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 Documentation/admin-guide/bcache.rst

(limited to 'Documentation/admin-guide/bcache.rst')

diff --git a/Documentation/admin-guide/bcache.rst b/Documentation/admin-guide/bcache.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..325816edb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/admin-guide/bcache.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,644 @@
+============================
+A block layer cache (bcache)
+============================
+
+Say you've got a big slow raid 6, and an ssd or three. Wouldn't it be
+nice if you could use them as cache... Hence bcache.
+
+The bcache wiki can be found at:
+  https://bcache.evilpiepirate.org
+
+This is the git repository of bcache-tools:
+  https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/colyli/bcache-tools.git/
+
+The latest bcache kernel code can be found from mainline Linux kernel:
+  https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/
+
+It's designed around the performance characteristics of SSDs - it only allocates
+in erase block sized buckets, and it uses a hybrid btree/log to track cached
+extents (which can be anywhere from a single sector to the bucket size). It's
+designed to avoid random writes at all costs.
+
+Both writethrough and writeback caching are supported. Writeback defaults to
+off, but can be switched on and off arbitrarily at runtime. Bcache goes to
+great lengths to protect your data - it reliably handles unclean shutdown. (It
+doesn't even have a notion of a clean shutdown; bcache simply doesn't return
+writes as completed until they're on stable storage).
+
+Writeback caching can use most of the cache for buffering writes - writing
+dirty data to the backing device is always done sequentially, scanning from the
+start to the end of the index.
+
+Since random IO is what SSDs excel at, there generally won't be much benefit
+to caching large sequential IO. Bcache detects sequential IO and skips it;
+it also keeps a rolling average of the IO sizes per task, and as long as the
+average is above the cutoff it will skip all IO from that task - instead of
+caching the first 512k after every seek. Backups and large file copies should
+thus entirely bypass the cache.
+
+In the event of a data IO error on the flash it will try to recover by reading
+from disk or invalidating cache entries.  For unrecoverable errors (meta data
+or dirty data), caching is automatically disabled; if dirty data was present
+in the cache it first disables writeback caching and waits for all dirty data
+to be flushed.
+
+Getting started:
+You'll need bcache util from the bcache-tools repository. Both the cache device
+and backing device must be formatted before use::
+
+  bcache make -B /dev/sdb
+  bcache make -C /dev/sdc
+
+`bcache make` has the ability to format multiple devices at the same time - if
+you format your backing devices and cache device at the same time, you won't
+have to manually attach::
+
+  bcache make -B /dev/sda /dev/sdb -C /dev/sdc
+
+If your bcache-tools is not updated to latest version and does not have the
+unified `bcache` utility, you may use the legacy `make-bcache` utility to format
+bcache device with same -B and -C parameters.
+
+bcache-tools now ships udev rules, and bcache devices are known to the kernel
+immediately.  Without udev, you can manually register devices like this::
+
+  echo /dev/sdb > /sys/fs/bcache/register
+  echo /dev/sdc > /sys/fs/bcache/register
+
+Registering the backing device makes the bcache device show up in /dev; you can
+now format it and use it as normal. But the first time using a new bcache
+device, it'll be running in passthrough mode until you attach it to a cache.
+If you are thinking about using bcache later, it is recommended to setup all your
+slow devices as bcache backing devices without a cache, and you can choose to add
+a caching device later.
+See 'ATTACHING' section below.
+
+The devices show up as::
+
+  /dev/bcache<N>
+
+As well as (with udev)::
+
+  /dev/bcache/by-uuid/<uuid>
+  /dev/bcache/by-label/<label>
+
+To get started::
+
+  mkfs.ext4 /dev/bcache0
+  mount /dev/bcache0 /mnt
+
+You can control bcache devices through sysfs at /sys/block/bcache<N>/bcache .
+You can also control them through /sys/fs//bcache/<cset-uuid>/ .
+
+Cache devices are managed as sets; multiple caches per set isn't supported yet
+but will allow for mirroring of metadata and dirty data in the future. Your new
+cache set shows up as /sys/fs/bcache/<UUID>
+
+Attaching
+---------
+
+After your cache device and backing device are registered, the backing device
+must be attached to your cache set to enable caching. Attaching a backing
+device to a cache set is done thusly, with the UUID of the cache set in
+/sys/fs/bcache::
+
+  echo <CSET-UUID> > /sys/block/bcache0/bcache/attach
+
+This only has to be done once. The next time you reboot, just reregister all
+your bcache devices. If a backing device has data in a cache somewhere, the
+/dev/bcache<N> device won't be created until the cache shows up - particularly
+important if you have writeback caching turned on.
+
+If you're booting up and your cache device is gone and never coming back, you
+can force run the backing device::
+
+  echo 1 > /sys/block/sdb/bcache/running
+
+(You need to use /sys/block/sdb (or whatever your backing device is called), not
+/sys/block/bcache0, because bcache0 doesn't exist yet. If you're using a
+partition, the bcache directory would be at /sys/block/sdb/sdb2/bcache)
+
+The backing device will still use that cache set if it shows up in the future,
+but all the cached data will be invalidated. If there was dirty data in the
+cache, don't expect the filesystem to be recoverable - you will have massive
+filesystem corruption, though ext4's fsck does work miracles.
+
+Error Handling
+--------------
+
+Bcache tries to transparently handle IO errors to/from the cache device without
+affecting normal operation; if it sees too many errors (the threshold is
+configurable, and defaults to 0) it shuts down the cache device and switches all
+the backing devices to passthrough mode.
+
+ - For reads from the cache, if they error we just retry the read from the
+   backing device.
+
+ - For writethrough writes, if the write to the cache errors we just switch to
+   invalidating the data at that lba in the cache (i.e. the same thing we do for
+   a write that bypasses the cache)
+
+ - For writeback writes, we currently pass that error back up to the
+   filesystem/userspace. This could be improved - we could retry it as a write
+   that skips the cache so we don't have to error the write.
+
+ - When we detach, we first try to flush any dirty data (if we were running in
+   writeback mode). It currently doesn't do anything intelligent if it fails to
+   read some of the dirty data, though.
+
+
+Howto/cookbook
+--------------
+
+A) Starting a bcache with a missing caching device
+
+If registering the backing device doesn't help, it's already there, you just need
+to force it to run without the cache::
+
+	host:~# echo /dev/sdb1 > /sys/fs/bcache/register
+	[  119.844831] bcache: register_bcache() error opening /dev/sdb1: device already registered
+
+Next, you try to register your caching device if it's present. However
+if it's absent, or registration fails for some reason, you can still
+start your bcache without its cache, like so::
+
+	host:/sys/block/sdb/sdb1/bcache# echo 1 > running
+
+Note that this may cause data loss if you were running in writeback mode.
+
+
+B) Bcache does not find its cache::
+
+	host:/sys/block/md5/bcache# echo 0226553a-37cf-41d5-b3ce-8b1e944543a8 > attach
+	[ 1933.455082] bcache: bch_cached_dev_attach() Couldn't find uuid for md5 in set
+	[ 1933.478179] bcache: __cached_dev_store() Can't attach 0226553a-37cf-41d5-b3ce-8b1e944543a8
+	[ 1933.478179] : cache set not found
+
+In this case, the caching device was simply not registered at boot
+or disappeared and came back, and needs to be (re-)registered::
+
+	host:/sys/block/md5/bcache# echo /dev/sdh2 > /sys/fs/bcache/register
+
+
+C) Corrupt bcache crashes the kernel at device registration time:
+
+This should never happen.  If it does happen, then you have found a bug!
+Please report it to the bcache development list: linux-bcache@vger.kernel.org
+
+Be sure to provide as much information that you can including kernel dmesg
+output if available so that we may assist.
+
+
+D) Recovering data without bcache:
+
+If bcache is not available in the kernel, a filesystem on the backing
+device is still available at an 8KiB offset. So either via a loopdev
+of the backing device created with --offset 8K, or any value defined by
+--data-offset when you originally formatted bcache with `bcache make`.
+
+For example::
+
+	losetup -o 8192 /dev/loop0 /dev/your_bcache_backing_dev
+
+This should present your unmodified backing device data in /dev/loop0
+
+If your cache is in writethrough mode, then you can safely discard the
+cache device without losing data.
+
+
+E) Wiping a cache device
+
+::
+
+	host:~# wipefs -a /dev/sdh2
+	16 bytes were erased at offset 0x1018 (bcache)
+	they were: c6 85 73 f6 4e 1a 45 ca 82 65 f5 7f 48 ba 6d 81
+
+After you boot back with bcache enabled, you recreate the cache and attach it::
+
+	host:~# bcache make -C /dev/sdh2
+	UUID:                   7be7e175-8f4c-4f99-94b2-9c904d227045
+	Set UUID:               5bc072a8-ab17-446d-9744-e247949913c1
+	version:                0
+	nbuckets:               106874
+	block_size:             1
+	bucket_size:            1024
+	nr_in_set:              1
+	nr_this_dev:            0
+	first_bucket:           1
+	[  650.511912] bcache: run_cache_set() invalidating existing data
+	[  650.549228] bcache: register_cache() registered cache device sdh2
+
+start backing device with missing cache::
+
+	host:/sys/block/md5/bcache# echo 1 > running
+
+attach new cache::
+
+	host:/sys/block/md5/bcache# echo 5bc072a8-ab17-446d-9744-e247949913c1 > attach
+	[  865.276616] bcache: bch_cached_dev_attach() Caching md5 as bcache0 on set 5bc072a8-ab17-446d-9744-e247949913c1
+
+
+F) Remove or replace a caching device::
+
+	host:/sys/block/sda/sda7/bcache# echo 1 > detach
+	[  695.872542] bcache: cached_dev_detach_finish() Caching disabled for sda7
+
+	host:~# wipefs -a /dev/nvme0n1p4
+	wipefs: error: /dev/nvme0n1p4: probing initialization failed: Device or resource busy
+	Ooops, it's disabled, but not unregistered, so it's still protected
+
+We need to go and unregister it::
+
+	host:/sys/fs/bcache/b7ba27a1-2398-4649-8ae3-0959f57ba128# ls -l cache0
+	lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 0 Feb 25 18:33 cache0 -> ../../../devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.0/0000:70:00.0/nvme/nvme0/nvme0n1/nvme0n1p4/bcache/
+	host:/sys/fs/bcache/b7ba27a1-2398-4649-8ae3-0959f57ba128# echo 1 > stop
+	kernel: [  917.041908] bcache: cache_set_free() Cache set b7ba27a1-2398-4649-8ae3-0959f57ba128 unregistered
+
+Now we can wipe it::
+
+	host:~# wipefs -a /dev/nvme0n1p4
+	/dev/nvme0n1p4: 16 bytes were erased at offset 0x00001018 (bcache): c6 85 73 f6 4e 1a 45 ca 82 65 f5 7f 48 ba 6d 81
+
+
+G) dm-crypt and bcache
+
+First setup bcache unencrypted and then install dmcrypt on top of
+/dev/bcache<N> This will work faster than if you dmcrypt both the backing
+and caching devices and then install bcache on top. [benchmarks?]
+
+
+H) Stop/free a registered bcache to wipe and/or recreate it
+
+Suppose that you need to free up all bcache references so that you can
+fdisk run and re-register a changed partition table, which won't work
+if there are any active backing or caching devices left on it:
+
+1) Is it present in /dev/bcache* ? (there are times where it won't be)
+
+   If so, it's easy::
+
+	host:/sys/block/bcache0/bcache# echo 1 > stop
+
+2) But if your backing device is gone, this won't work::
+
+	host:/sys/block/bcache0# cd bcache
+	bash: cd: bcache: No such file or directory
+
+   In this case, you may have to unregister the dmcrypt block device that
+   references this bcache to free it up::
+
+	host:~# dmsetup remove oldds1
+	bcache: bcache_device_free() bcache0 stopped
+	bcache: cache_set_free() Cache set 5bc072a8-ab17-446d-9744-e247949913c1 unregistered
+
+   This causes the backing bcache to be removed from /sys/fs/bcache and
+   then it can be reused.  This would be true of any block device stacking
+   where bcache is a lower device.
+
+3) In other cases, you can also look in /sys/fs/bcache/::
+
+	host:/sys/fs/bcache# ls -l */{cache?,bdev?}
+	lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 0 Mar  5 09:39 0226553a-37cf-41d5-b3ce-8b1e944543a8/bdev1 -> ../../../devices/virtual/block/dm-1/bcache/
+	lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 0 Mar  5 09:39 0226553a-37cf-41d5-b3ce-8b1e944543a8/cache0 -> ../../../devices/virtual/block/dm-4/bcache/
+	lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 0 Mar  5 09:39 5bc072a8-ab17-446d-9744-e247949913c1/cache0 -> ../../../devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:01.0/0000:01:00.0/ata10/host9/target9:0:0/9:0:0:0/block/sdl/sdl2/bcache/
+
+   The device names will show which UUID is relevant, cd in that directory
+   and stop the cache::
+
+	host:/sys/fs/bcache/5bc072a8-ab17-446d-9744-e247949913c1# echo 1 > stop
+
+   This will free up bcache references and let you reuse the partition for
+   other purposes.
+
+
+
+Troubleshooting performance
+---------------------------
+
+Bcache has a bunch of config options and tunables. The defaults are intended to
+be reasonable for typical desktop and server workloads, but they're not what you
+want for getting the best possible numbers when benchmarking.
+
+ - Backing device alignment
+
+   The default metadata size in bcache is 8k.  If your backing device is
+   RAID based, then be sure to align this by a multiple of your stride
+   width using `bcache make --data-offset`. If you intend to expand your
+   disk array in the future, then multiply a series of primes by your
+   raid stripe size to get the disk multiples that you would like.
+
+   For example:  If you have a 64k stripe size, then the following offset
+   would provide alignment for many common RAID5 data spindle counts::
+
+	64k * 2*2*2*3*3*5*7 bytes = 161280k
+
+   That space is wasted, but for only 157.5MB you can grow your RAID 5
+   volume to the following data-spindle counts without re-aligning::
+
+	3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,12,14,15,18,20,21 ...
+
+ - Bad write performance
+
+   If write performance is not what you expected, you probably wanted to be
+   running in writeback mode, which isn't the default (not due to a lack of
+   maturity, but simply because in writeback mode you'll lose data if something
+   happens to your SSD)::
+
+	# echo writeback > /sys/block/bcache0/bcache/cache_mode
+
+ - Bad performance, or traffic not going to the SSD that you'd expect
+
+   By default, bcache doesn't cache everything. It tries to skip sequential IO -
+   because you really want to be caching the random IO, and if you copy a 10
+   gigabyte file you probably don't want that pushing 10 gigabytes of randomly
+   accessed data out of your cache.
+
+   But if you want to benchmark reads from cache, and you start out with fio
+   writing an 8 gigabyte test file - so you want to disable that::
+
+	# echo 0 > /sys/block/bcache0/bcache/sequential_cutoff
+
+   To set it back to the default (4 mb), do::
+
+	# echo 4M > /sys/block/bcache0/bcache/sequential_cutoff
+
+ - Traffic's still going to the spindle/still getting cache misses
+
+   In the real world, SSDs don't always keep up with disks - particularly with
+   slower SSDs, many disks being cached by one SSD, or mostly sequential IO. So
+   you want to avoid being bottlenecked by the SSD and having it slow everything
+   down.
+
+   To avoid that bcache tracks latency to the cache device, and gradually
+   throttles traffic if the latency exceeds a threshold (it does this by
+   cranking down the sequential bypass).
+
+   You can disable this if you need to by setting the thresholds to 0::
+
+	# echo 0 > /sys/fs/bcache/<cache set>/congested_read_threshold_us
+	# echo 0 > /sys/fs/bcache/<cache set>/congested_write_threshold_us
+
+   The default is 2000 us (2 milliseconds) for reads, and 20000 for writes.
+
+ - Still getting cache misses, of the same data
+
+   One last issue that sometimes trips people up is actually an old bug, due to
+   the way cache coherency is handled for cache misses. If a btree node is full,
+   a cache miss won't be able to insert a key for the new data and the data
+   won't be written to the cache.
+
+   In practice this isn't an issue because as soon as a write comes along it'll
+   cause the btree node to be split, and you need almost no write traffic for
+   this to not show up enough to be noticeable (especially since bcache's btree
+   nodes are huge and index large regions of the device). But when you're
+   benchmarking, if you're trying to warm the cache by reading a bunch of data
+   and there's no other traffic - that can be a problem.
+
+   Solution: warm the cache by doing writes, or use the testing branch (there's
+   a fix for the issue there).
+
+
+Sysfs - backing device
+----------------------
+
+Available at /sys/block/<bdev>/bcache, /sys/block/bcache*/bcache and
+(if attached) /sys/fs/bcache/<cset-uuid>/bdev*
+
+attach
+  Echo the UUID of a cache set to this file to enable caching.
+
+cache_mode
+  Can be one of either writethrough, writeback, writearound or none.
+
+clear_stats
+  Writing to this file resets the running total stats (not the day/hour/5 minute
+  decaying versions).
+
+detach
+  Write to this file to detach from a cache set. If there is dirty data in the
+  cache, it will be flushed first.
+
+dirty_data
+  Amount of dirty data for this backing device in the cache. Continuously
+  updated unlike the cache set's version, but may be slightly off.
+
+label
+  Name of underlying device.
+
+readahead
+  Size of readahead that should be performed.  Defaults to 0.  If set to e.g.
+  1M, it will round cache miss reads up to that size, but without overlapping
+  existing cache entries.
+
+running
+  1 if bcache is running (i.e. whether the /dev/bcache device exists, whether
+  it's in passthrough mode or caching).
+
+sequential_cutoff
+  A sequential IO will bypass the cache once it passes this threshold; the
+  most recent 128 IOs are tracked so sequential IO can be detected even when
+  it isn't all done at once.
+
+sequential_merge
+  If non zero, bcache keeps a list of the last 128 requests submitted to compare
+  against all new requests to determine which new requests are sequential
+  continuations of previous requests for the purpose of determining sequential
+  cutoff. This is necessary if the sequential cutoff value is greater than the
+  maximum acceptable sequential size for any single request.
+
+state
+  The backing device can be in one of four different states:
+
+  no cache: Has never been attached to a cache set.
+
+  clean: Part of a cache set, and there is no cached dirty data.
+
+  dirty: Part of a cache set, and there is cached dirty data.
+
+  inconsistent: The backing device was forcibly run by the user when there was
+  dirty data cached but the cache set was unavailable; whatever data was on the
+  backing device has likely been corrupted.
+
+stop
+  Write to this file to shut down the bcache device and close the backing
+  device.
+
+writeback_delay
+  When dirty data is written to the cache and it previously did not contain
+  any, waits some number of seconds before initiating writeback. Defaults to
+  30.
+
+writeback_percent
+  If nonzero, bcache tries to keep around this percentage of the cache dirty by
+  throttling background writeback and using a PD controller to smoothly adjust
+  the rate.
+
+writeback_rate
+  Rate in sectors per second - if writeback_percent is nonzero, background
+  writeback is throttled to this rate. Continuously adjusted by bcache but may
+  also be set by the user.
+
+writeback_running
+  If off, writeback of dirty data will not take place at all. Dirty data will
+  still be added to the cache until it is mostly full; only meant for
+  benchmarking. Defaults to on.
+
+Sysfs - backing device stats
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+There are directories with these numbers for a running total, as well as
+versions that decay over the past day, hour and 5 minutes; they're also
+aggregated in the cache set directory as well.
+
+bypassed
+  Amount of IO (both reads and writes) that has bypassed the cache
+
+cache_hits, cache_misses, cache_hit_ratio
+  Hits and misses are counted per individual IO as bcache sees them; a
+  partial hit is counted as a miss.
+
+cache_bypass_hits, cache_bypass_misses
+  Hits and misses for IO that is intended to skip the cache are still counted,
+  but broken out here.
+
+cache_miss_collisions
+  Counts instances where data was going to be inserted into the cache from a
+  cache miss, but raced with a write and data was already present (usually 0
+  since the synchronization for cache misses was rewritten)
+
+Sysfs - cache set
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Available at /sys/fs/bcache/<cset-uuid>
+
+average_key_size
+  Average data per key in the btree.
+
+bdev<0..n>
+  Symlink to each of the attached backing devices.
+
+block_size
+  Block size of the cache devices.
+
+btree_cache_size
+  Amount of memory currently used by the btree cache
+
+bucket_size
+  Size of buckets
+
+cache<0..n>
+  Symlink to each of the cache devices comprising this cache set.
+
+cache_available_percent
+  Percentage of cache device which doesn't contain dirty data, and could
+  potentially be used for writeback.  This doesn't mean this space isn't used
+  for clean cached data; the unused statistic (in priority_stats) is typically
+  much lower.
+
+clear_stats
+  Clears the statistics associated with this cache
+
+dirty_data
+  Amount of dirty data is in the cache (updated when garbage collection runs).
+
+flash_vol_create
+  Echoing a size to this file (in human readable units, k/M/G) creates a thinly
+  provisioned volume backed by the cache set.
+
+io_error_halflife, io_error_limit
+  These determines how many errors we accept before disabling the cache.
+  Each error is decayed by the half life (in # ios).  If the decaying count
+  reaches io_error_limit dirty data is written out and the cache is disabled.
+
+journal_delay_ms
+  Journal writes will delay for up to this many milliseconds, unless a cache
+  flush happens sooner. Defaults to 100.
+
+root_usage_percent
+  Percentage of the root btree node in use.  If this gets too high the node
+  will split, increasing the tree depth.
+
+stop
+  Write to this file to shut down the cache set - waits until all attached
+  backing devices have been shut down.
+
+tree_depth
+  Depth of the btree (A single node btree has depth 0).
+
+unregister
+  Detaches all backing devices and closes the cache devices; if dirty data is
+  present it will disable writeback caching and wait for it to be flushed.
+
+Sysfs - cache set internal
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+This directory also exposes timings for a number of internal operations, with
+separate files for average duration, average frequency, last occurrence and max
+duration: garbage collection, btree read, btree node sorts and btree splits.
+
+active_journal_entries
+  Number of journal entries that are newer than the index.
+
+btree_nodes
+  Total nodes in the btree.
+
+btree_used_percent
+  Average fraction of btree in use.
+
+bset_tree_stats
+  Statistics about the auxiliary search trees
+
+btree_cache_max_chain
+  Longest chain in the btree node cache's hash table
+
+cache_read_races
+  Counts instances where while data was being read from the cache, the bucket
+  was reused and invalidated - i.e. where the pointer was stale after the read
+  completed. When this occurs the data is reread from the backing device.
+
+trigger_gc
+  Writing to this file forces garbage collection to run.
+
+Sysfs - Cache device
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Available at /sys/block/<cdev>/bcache
+
+block_size
+  Minimum granularity of writes - should match hardware sector size.
+
+btree_written
+  Sum of all btree writes, in (kilo/mega/giga) bytes
+
+bucket_size
+  Size of buckets
+
+cache_replacement_policy
+  One of either lru, fifo or random.
+
+freelist_percent
+  Size of the freelist as a percentage of nbuckets. Can be written to
+  increase the number of buckets kept on the freelist, which lets you
+  artificially reduce the size of the cache at runtime. Mostly for testing
+  purposes (i.e. testing how different size caches affect your hit rate).
+
+io_errors
+  Number of errors that have occurred, decayed by io_error_halflife.
+
+metadata_written
+  Sum of all non data writes (btree writes and all other metadata).
+
+nbuckets
+  Total buckets in this cache
+
+priority_stats
+  Statistics about how recently data in the cache has been accessed.
+  This can reveal your working set size.  Unused is the percentage of
+  the cache that doesn't contain any data.  Metadata is bcache's
+  metadata overhead.  Average is the average priority of cache buckets.
+  Next is a list of quantiles with the priority threshold of each.
+
+written
+  Sum of all data that has been written to the cache; comparison with
+  btree_written gives the amount of write inflation in bcache.
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